Health Surveillance II

Question 1

Salmonellosis: Signs & Symptoms

Answer 1

diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps

Question 2

Salmonellosis: Treatment

Answer 2

not usually necessary

Question 3

Salmonellosis: Prevention

Answer 3

proper food handling and preparation

Question 4

Pertussis: Signs & Symptoms

Answer 4

First Stage: runny nose, low-grade fever, mild occasional cough
Progression: numerous, rapid coughs with the “whooping” sound, vomiting & exhaustion after coughing fits

Question 5

Pertussis: Transmission

Answer 5

airborne droplets

Question 6

Pertussis: Treatment

Answer 6

antibiotics

Question 7

Pertussis: Prevention

Answer 7

Tdap & DTap vaccines, booster shots, hand-washing

Question 8

MRSA: Signs & Symptoms

Answer 8

bump that is small, red, swollen, painful, and/or pus-filled; may have a fever

Question 9

MRSA: Tranmission

Answer 9

direct and indirect contact

Question 10

MRSA: Testing

Answer 10

tissue sample, nasal secretions

Question 11

MRSA: Treatment

Answer 11

drain wounds, non-methicillin antibiotics

Question 12

MRSA: Prevention

Answer 12

• hand/body hygiene
• keep wounds clean and covered
• avoid sharing personal items
• isolation
• PPE
• sanitize linnens and equipment
• shower after sporting events

Question 13

Factors Associated with Healthcare-Associated MRSA

Answer 13

• Being hospitalized
• Placement of an invasive medical device
• Being in a long-term care facility

Question 14

Factors Associated with Community-Associated MRSA

Answer 14

• Contact sports
• Living in crowded conditions
• Men having sex with men

Question 15

TB: Signs & Symptoms

Answer 15

malaise, pleuritic pain, fatigue, anorexia, fever, night sweats, cough, hemoptysis, weight loss

Question 16

TB: Transmission

Answer 16

airborne droplets

Question 17

TB: Treatment

Answer 17

combinations of INH, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazminamide, or streptomycin

Question 18

TB: Testing

Answer 18

PPD, chest x-ray, sputum sample

Question 19

TB: Prevention

Answer 19

testing, BCG vaccine (high-risk countries), wearing a respirator

Question 20

+ PPD Test: > or = 15 mm Induration

Answer 20

• no risk factors

- low prevalence population

Question 21

+ PPD Test: > or = 10 mm Induration

Answer 21

• IV drug users
• arrival from a high-prevalence area
• residents & employees of high-risk areas

Question 22

+ PPD Test: > or = 5 mm Induration

Answer 22

• HIV +
• recent TB exposure
• organ transplant recipient

Question 23

HIV: Signs & Symptoms

Answer 23

• fever
• swollen glands
• sore throat
• rash
• fatigue
• muscle/join pain
• headache
• rapid weight loss
• flu-like symptoms

Question 24

HIV: Transmission

Answer 24

bodily fluids

Question 25

HIV: Treatment

Answer 25

combinations of multiple medications--nucleoside analogs, nonucleoside analogs, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, MAC, antibacterials, antifungals, antiprotozoals, antivirals, antineoplastics, appetite stimulants, antiematics

Question 26

HIV: Testing

Answer 26

- ELSA--HIV-1 sensitive | - Western Blot--even more sensitive to HIV-1

Question 27

HIV: Prevention

Answer 27

- protected sex - education - testing - PrEP

Question 28

Increased viral load = decreased CD4 counts

Answer 28

Greater chance in progressing to AIDS in 3 years

Question 29

Decreased viral load = increased CD4 count

Answer 29

Less than 2% chance of progressing to AIDS in 3 years

Question 30

Stages of HIV

Answer 30

1. Initial Exposure--asymptomatic 2. Primary HIV Infection--acute infection; flu-like; develop antibodies in 6-12 weeks 3. Clinical HIV/Asymptomatic HIV Infection--infectious, but no evidence of illness 4. Advanced HIV Disease (AIDS)--opportunistic infections; CD4 is less than 50

Question 31

Pneumocystis Carinnii

Answer 31

- HIV opportunistic infection - fungal infection - causes fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, fatigue

Question 32

Candidiasis

Answer 32

- HIV opportunistic infection - fungal infection - affects mouth or the vagina

Question 33

Karposi's Sarcoma

Answer 33

- HIV opportunistic infection | - causes lesions on the body and in the mouth

Question 34

Ebola: Signs & Symptoms

Answer 34

sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headaches, sore throat, vomiting and diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, internal and external bleeding

Question 35

Ebola: Transmission

Answer 35

infected animals, bodily fluids, sexual contact, and other forms of direct contact

Question 36

Ebola: Treatment

Answer 36

IV fluids and electrolytes, maintaining oxygen and blood pressure, treating other infections if they occur

Question 37

Ebola: Prevention

Answer 37

reducing risk of wildlife-to-human transmission and human-to-human transmission, outbreak containment measures

Question 38

Four Basic Environmental Principles

Answer 38

1. everything is connected to everything else, but some things are connected more tightly (air and breathing) 2. everything has to go somewhere (trash) 3. the solution to pollution is dilution 4. everything is constantly changing (shore lines)

Question 39

I-PREPARE

Answer 39

``` I: investigate potential exposures P: present work R: residence E: environmental concerns P: past work A: activities R: referrals and resources E: educate ```