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Community Health > Health systems management 2 > Flashcards

Health systems management 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 2 types of economics

A

Microeconomics which focuses on individuals
Macroeconomics which focuses on the whole economy

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2
Q

Describe the difference between positive and normative economics

A

Positive- statement that describe how the economy works, the existing situations and conditions
Normative- statement that state preference of one outcome over the other ie prescribes solutions. Focuses on what the economy ought to be

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3
Q

Describe the difference between critical and simplifying assumptions

A

Critical- essential to the economic model and may affect its conclusions
Simplifying- help to understand the economic situation

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4
Q

Define the production possibility frontier

A

A graph that shows all possible combinations of two goods when an economy is producing at full potential

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5
Q

State 2 limitations of the PPF

A

It only shows what can be produced does not show what would be consumed
It assumes only two goods are produced

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6
Q

Define demand

A

It refers to a schedule of quantities of a good or service people are willing to buy at different prices

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7
Q

Define market equilibrium

A

It is where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, not supply=demand

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8
Q

Define health economics

A

a branch of economics concerned with issues related to scarcity in the allocation of health and healthcare

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9
Q

What is the purpose of studying health economics x2

A

Resources are finite
A choice must be made about which resources to use for which activities

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10
Q

Define economic evaluation

A

The comparative analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and benefits

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11
Q

Differentiate between final and intermediate outcomes

A

Final is the direct measure of patient outcome, well being or productivity eg number of lives saved
Intermediate is the necessary steps in achieving the desired final outcomes eg antenatal visits

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12
Q

Define equity

A

It is the fair distribution of resources among different individuals and groups in society

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13
Q

Define conflict

A

The negative energy that builds up when individuals or groups of people pursue incompatible goals in their drive to meet their needs and interest

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14
Q

Describe the two types of conflict

A

Functional - support the goals of a group and improves its performance
Dysfunctional – conflict that hinders group performance

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15
Q

State the 3 levels of conflict

A

Individual, interpersonal, organizational/group

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16
Q

State some of the causes of interpersonal conflict x5

A

Unresolved disagreement that has escalated to an emotional level
Miscommunication leading to unclear expectations
Personality crashes- personal differences
Differences in acquired values
Underlying stress and tension

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17
Q

Describe the importance of the Johari window x2

A

Points out possible interpersonal styles
Can be used to sort out possible interpersonal conflict situations

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18
Q

State 4 causes of intergroup conflict

A

Goal variances
Status struggle
Differences in perceptions
Competition for resources

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19
Q

State 4 effects of conflict

A

Resentment
Avoidance
Verbal assault
Inability to work together

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20
Q

7 steps to restore conflict

A

Calm yourself
Restore order
Hear their stories
Listen carefully
Generate solutions
Agree on a solution
Test for satisfaction of solutions

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21
Q

Define leadership

A

Influencing others to work diligently towards achieving their goals

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22
Q

Describe the difference between leaders and managers

A

Managers have influence limited to their managerial positions
Leaders have managerial and personal power and influence on others

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23
Q

State 5 legitimate sources of power

A

Position in the organization
Expertise
Control over information or resources
Referent power
Reward

24
Q

State 4 things involved in leadership

A

Clearly stating your vision
Explaining plans to attain your vision
Instilling confidence and optimism
Expressing confidence in those you lead

25
Q

Give three characteristics of charismatic leadership

A

Workers respect and like their leaders so their are motivated to exert extra work effort
Most appropriate in a stressful and uncertain environment
It is built of a foundation of strong communication skills, persuasiveness and charm

26
Q

Describe 3 characteristics of autocratic leaderships style

A

Alienation and demotivation of staff
High degree of dependency on the leader
Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone else

27
Q

Define democratic leadership and its 2 types

A

Decisions are made from different perspectives
Consultative: process of consultation before decisions are taken
Persuasive: Leader takes decision and seeks to persuade others that the decision is correct

28
Q

Characteristic of Laissez Faire leadership x4

A

Leaderships responsibilities are shared by all
Useful in firms where creative ideas are important
People have control over their work life
Coordination and decision making can become time consuming

29
Q

Describe paternalistic leadership x2

A

Leader believes in the need to support staff
Leader makes decisions but may consult

30
Q

Describe transactional leadership

A

Exchanging rewards for performance to maintain good working relationships

31
Q

Describe 5 factors affecting leadership styles

A

Risk - based on degree of risk involved
Type of business
How important change is – change for change’s sake?
Organisational culture – may be long embedded and difficult to change
Nature of the task

32
Q

3 ways to create a spirit filled motivating environment

A

Speak the right things
Influence their attitudes
Develop effective listening skills

33
Q

Ways to improve leaderships skills x6

A

Think like a leader
Use an appropriate leadership style
Identify the right leadership situation
Build your power base
Exercise better judgement
Improve leadership traits and skills

34
Q

Define motivation and state the 3 main approaches

A

The intensity of a persons desire to engage in an activity
Need based, process based and reinforcement based approaches

35
Q

Describe the law of individual differences

A

A psychological term representing that people differ in personalities, abilities, self concept, values and needs

36
Q

Define emotional intelligence

A

An assortment of noncognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person’s ability to cope with environmental demands and pressures

37
Q

State the 5 dimensions of emotional intelligence

A

Self-awareness of own feelings
Self-management of own emotions
Self-motivation in face of setbacks
Empathy for others’ feelings
Social skills to handle others’ emotions

38
Q

Describe 4 types of formal teams

A

Cross cultural- members of different culture
Cross functional- members of different departments
Self managed- empowered to complete tasks and decides how to do the task
Task forces- created to meet a given objective

39
Q

Characteristics of a good team x5

A

Willing to take risks
Everyone understands team goals
Everyone takes initiative to get things done
Team goals are given realistic time frames
Everyone is supportive
Each teammate trusts the judgement of others

40
Q

What are ethical issues in human resource management x4

A

Employer employee relationship interaction
Forms of communication
Mutual expectation and responsibilities
Rights and duties owed between employee and employer

41
Q

What is discrimination based on x5

A

Age, gender, race, attractiveness, religion and disabilities

42
Q

State the safety and principle of non maleficence x5

A

Do not harm
Prevent harm
Avoid harm
Minimize harm
Do risk and benefit assessment
Do risk-risk assessment

43
Q

Characteristics of beneficence x4

A

Good intentions
Create good working environment
Good effective communication
No witch hunting and bullying
Beware of safety

44
Q

Respect in human resource management x5

A

Respect of :
Persons
Clients
Rules and procedures
Administrative and management structures
Those who give opposing views

45
Q

Types of justice

A

Social, criminal, mob, procedural, natural

46
Q

Definitions of justice x4

A

Justice as fairness
Justice as treating equals equally and unequal unequally
Justice as equality before the law
Justice as providing equal opportunity
Justice in form and process

47
Q

Define user fees

A

The money paid to gain access to a particular service or facility

48
Q

What are the services provided by charm x4

A

Essential Health Services- primary and trauma care
Infectious Disease Care
Maternal Care Services
Mental Health services

49
Q

Describe the effect of service level utilization x3

A

CHAM continues to deliver quality health care to everyone
Elimination of user fees of CHAM facilities
Government repays for the cost of these services

50
Q

Factors resulting in a hospital operating inside a PPF x5

A

Politics, theft, shortage of staff, wastage of resources, emergencies, bad work ethics

51
Q

Effect of giving autonomy to central hospital managers x2

A

More efficiency
No influence by external factors

52
Q

Define equity

A

The quality of being fair or impartial

53
Q

Goals of health equity x2

A

To ensure that individuals:
Have equal access to healthcare
Receive appropriate and high quality care

54
Q

Importance of health outcomes x4

A

Social cohesion - strength of relationships
Improved health outcomes
Sustainable development
Economic and social benefits

55
Q

Factors affecting health equity x5

A

Race, gender, socioeconomic status, geographical location, language and cultural barriers, health insurance coverage, education

56
Q

Define capital cost and recurrent cost

A

Capital cost- the total cost required for a project to be at its commercially operable state
Recurrent costs is the regular cost incurred repeatedly

57
Q

Describe the importance of service level agreement x4

A

Increases access, equity and quality of healthcare
Reduces financial burden of health expenditure faced by poor communities
Reduces demands on public services
Increases coverage of essential health package services

Community Health (6 decks)

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