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Surveillance Flashcards

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1
Q

Define health surveillance

A

The ongoing systematic use of collected data from health related events to guide public health action

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2
Q

State 6 processes of surveillance

A

Data collection, collation, analysis, interpretation, dissemination and action

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3
Q

Describe objectives of PH surveillance x6

A

Guide immediate action
Measure burden of disease
Monitor trend of burden of disease
Guide planning implementation and evaluation of disease control programs
Prioritize allocation of resource
Provide a basis for epidemiological research

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4
Q

Attributes of an ideal PH Surveillance system x5

A

Simplicity
Sensitivity
Stability
Usefulness
Representative

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5
Q

State the 5 types of surveillance methods

A

Passive or routine
Active
Sentinel health surveillance
Emergency
Serological and virological

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6
Q

Sources of bias in surveillance x4

A

Reporting propensity
Screening
Diagnostic methods
Attendance

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7
Q

Describe 2 support methods to enhance surveillance

A

Management- strengthen staff skills, recruit staff
Technology- access to internet and appropriate software

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8
Q

Describe the purpose of IDSR integrated disease surveillance and response

A

To improve ability of districts to identify and respond to outbreaks of priority infectious diseases using well known and available interventions

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9
Q

Describe 3 specific goals of integrated disease surveillance and response IDSR

A

Strengthen surveillance and response at district level
Integrate surveillance with laboratory support
Translate surveillance and laboratory data into public health actions

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10
Q

Define outbreak

A

The occurrence of cases of an illness clearly in excess of expectancy in a given place or group over a particular period of time

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11
Q

Sources of knowledge about an outbreak x4

A

Media
Health workers
General population
Routine analysis of PH surveillance

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12
Q

What is the purpose of investigating an outbreak x5

A

Prevention of further spread and control of outbreak
Research and training opportunities
To know the severity and population at risk
For program considerations
Public and political concerns

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13
Q

Describe the iceberg phenomenon

A

A situation in which a large percentage of a problem is subclinical, unreported, or otherwise hidden from view

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14
Q

Define cluster

A

Grouping of cases in a given place over a particular period of time

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15
Q

What are the causes of increased cases not indicative of an outbreak x4

A

Improved diagnostic procedures
Changes in case definitions and reporting procedures
Increased awareness of health workers
Increased interest because of media awareness
Seasonal population changes

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16
Q

Define case definition

A

A standard set of criteria for deciding whether a person should be classified as having the disease or condition

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17
Q

Describe the 3 epidemic curves used in outbreaks

A

Point source- steep up then down slope. Exposure over a brief period
Continuous common source- plateau instead of peak. Exposure over an extended period
Propagated -progressively taller peaks. Person to person spread

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18
Q

3 ways of implementing control and prevention in an outbreak

A

Interrupt transmission
Reduce susceptibility
Universal precautions PPE

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19
Q

What is the difference between efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency

A

Efficacy is getting things done
Efficiency is doing things in the most economic way
Effectiveness is the ability of a program to produce expected results

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20
Q

Difference between quarantine and isolation

A

Quarantine is restricting movement of exposed people to see if they get sick
Isolation separates sick people from those who are not

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21
Q

Define measures of association

A

A measure that quantifies the relationship between exposure and disease among 2 groups

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22
Q

Measures of association used in a cohort study x3

A

Absolute risk difference
Relative risk ratio
Odds ratio

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23
Q

Define relative risk/risk ratio

A

Ratio that compares the risk of an event among a specific group with the risk in another group

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24
Q

Purpose of case control studies

Study These Flashcards
A

Determine if an exposure is associated with an outcome
Always retrospective

25
Define odd ratio in case control
Ratio of the odds of an exposure in the case group to the odds of an exposure in the control group
26
Define a confounder
A third variable that distorts association between an exposure and health outcome
27
Describe the concept of cause x2 necessity and sufficiency
A cause is termed sufficient when it inevitably produces or initiates a disease It is termed necessary if a disease cannot develop in its abscence
28
Factors affecting causation x4
Predisposing factors Enabling factors Precipitating factors Reinforcing factors
29
State the Bradford hill criteria
1.Temporal sequence of association- does cause precede outcome 2.Strength of association- less likely to be due to undetected confounding 3.Consistency of association 4.Biological gradient- increased risk f outcome with increased exposure 5.Specificity of association- single factor associated with single outcome 6. Plausibility of association- is association consistent with existing knowledge 7. Coherence- between epidemiological and laboratory findings 8. Reversibility- does removal of cause decrease risk of effect 9. Analogy- use of similarities between other associations
29
Purposes of PH surveillance x5
Recognize cases or clusters to trigger interventions Demonstrate need for PH intervention programs and resources Assess the Ph impact of health events Monitor effectiveness of prevention and control Identify high risk groups or geographical areas to target intervention
30
Define epidemiology
The study of distribution, frequency and determinants of health related events and use of this study to control health problems
31
Uses of epidemiology x4
Making individual decisions Identify cause of a disease Complete clinical understanding or disease Assess community and population health
32
Core functions of epidemiology x4
Public health surveillance Field investigation Analytic studies Evaluation Policy development
33
Describe 2 types of categorical variables
Nominal- Data that can be classified into mutually exclusive categories within a variable It has no order of ranking Ordinal- variable that represents categories with a natural order of ranking eg education
34
Describe 2 types of numerical variables
Discrete- can only assume distinct values. Characterized by gaps eg hospital admissions Continuous- can assume any value within a certain interval eg height
35
Types of tables used to display data x5
One, two and three variable table Composite table Statistics table Table shells- layout without estimates
36
Types of graphs used to display data x5
Histograms Cumulative frequency Population pyramid Arithmetic scale lines Semi logarithmic scale lines
37
Describe two ways of organizing data
Line list- row and columns Epi info- software package used to enter design edit and analyze data
38
Describe interval and ratio variables
Ratio- intervals that have a true zero Interval- measured on a scale of equally spaced units and do not have a true zero
39
Describe frequency distribution and its properties x3
It displays a value and the number of persons with each value 1.Central location- clustering at a particular value. Measures mean median mode 2.Spread- scattering of data from one another. Measures range, S deviation, interquartile range 3.Shape
40
Define frequency measures and state 3 examples
Measures that compare one part of a distribution to another part of distribution Rate, ratio, proportion
41
Describe morbidity frequency measures and their types x2
Incidence- number of new cases of a disease in a population at a given time. Types: incidence proportion and rate Prevalence-a proportion of people in a population who have a particular disease. Types: point prevalence and period prevalence
42
State measure of association x4
Risk ratio Rate ratio Odds ratio Proportionate mortality ratio- proportion of deaths in a specified population over a period of time
43
Describe measure of PH impact and 2 used measures
It is a measure used to place an association between an exposure and an outcome into a meaningful PH context Attributable proportions- measure of the public health impact of a causative factor Efficacy- the ability to produce a desired or intended result
44
Reasons for conducting an outbreak investigation x3
Factors related to health problem- severity, mode of transmission Factors relating to health department- staff and resources Other- research and training
45
Indicator based surveillance
Regular identification, collection, monitoring, analysis and interpretation of indicators produced by a number of health based formal sources
46
State advantages of secondary data x3
Saves efforts Low cost to access Time saving
47
Disadvantages of secondary data x3
Lack of control over quality Not specific to researchers needs Out of date hence little or no relevance
48
State 2 things involved in assessment of health status problem
Analysis of precursors of the problem Careful specification of the dimensions of the problem
49
State 3 properties of health indicators
Measurable - quantifiable Malleable - responsive to change Meaningful - in assessing key elements of health status
50
State 5 elements to involve in informed consent
A statement that the study involves research The purpose of research explained The duration of subjects participation Description of procedures to be followed Identification of any procedures that are experimental
51
State 8 components of a rapid response team
Clinician Epidemiologist Lab technician Driver Environmental health officer Health education manager Water development officer Expert in industrial poisoning
52
Describe two types of numerical data
Interval - can be ranked or ordered. It does not have a meaningful zero. It can be negative eg temperature Ratio - it has a rank and has a meaning zero but can never be negative eg age and weight
53
Describe the difference between cause and association
Association is the statistical relationship between 2 variables. Variables may be associated without a causal relationship Cause is an event, condition or characteristic which plays a role in producing a disease
54
Define attack rate
The total number of new cases divided by the total population
55
Describe 2 characteristics of a scatter diagram
It requires more than one variable It plots continous variables
56
A case definition should include x4
Time place and person Clinical features Does not include exposure
57
Define an observational case control study
A study on which subjects are enrolled on the basis of having or not having a health outcome

Community Health (6 decks)

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