Healthcare test for body systems Flashcards

Question

spore formation

Answer 1

when bacteria is in resting stage and form a protective coat and is resistant to antibiotics or death

Answer 2

when bacteria is in active stage and do not form a protective coat and is non-resistant to antibiotics, can die

Answer 3

aging of tissues and cells; regeneration slows down

Answer 4

made mostly from dead skin and hair cells; most effective carrier of microbes

Answer 5

- plants that lack chlorophyll like mushrooms, yeast and mould - are mycotic: infection or disease as a result of fungus; often on dermal surfaces -eukaryotes, lack nucleus - are decomposers, used in making drugs like penicillin, opiates, and alcohol

Answer 6

-one celled animal cell with no cell wall eg. amoeba, paramecium -have legs and tails and some are pathogenic parasites eg. Plasmodium causes a world wide debilitating disease called Malaria Type of parasite

Answer 7

Type of parasite (tapeworm, hookworm) tapeworms can grow up to 50 feet and can be removed through anus, cause extreme hunger with diarrhea and vomiting (infestation)

Answer 8

Type of parasite found in stools. Common in children

Answer 9

Type of parasite roundworm found in cyst of a pig (in humans thru pork)

Answer 10

Type of parasite skin mites or scabies, hair and body lice, ticks (lyme disease), fleas, caused by it (typhus too)

Answer 11

-small biconcave circular cells that give us oxygen in blood -lack a nucleus -makes up 45% of our blood - 4.5-6 million/cubic millimeter in our bodies -special protein hemoglobin helps carry oxygen from lungs to rest of body Mineral that helps hemoglobin carry oxygen is iron

Answer 12

-larger cells that fight infection for immune system -have a nucleus; 4000-10000 /cubic millimeter in the body -many specific types with different roles

Answer 13

Type of disease transmission the passage of microorganisms from one person to another eg. sneeze

Answer 14

Type of disease transmission passage of microorganisms from one person or inanimate object to another eg. cough on pen then share it

Answer 15

Type of disease transmission pathogens transferred through direct contact with infectious lesions, blood, saliva

Answer 16

Type of disease transmission pathogens transferred through direct contact with contaminated objects like doorknobs

Answer 17

Type of disease transmission pathogens transferred from one host to another through different ways eg. mosquito is carrier and bites human

Answer 18

Type of disease transmission sneezing which is a common type of direct transmission

Answer 19

infections spread between animals and people eg rabies, covid

Answer 20

kills ALL living things (germs) on an object

Answer 21

machine that uses high pressure steam to sterilize medical equipment

Answer 22

process of killing MOST living things on objects

Answer 23

product that kills most living things on an object (eg. Lysol or alcohol, bleach, vinegar)

Answer 24

(PPE) Personal Protective Equipment that limits the spread of germs through air

Answer 25

condition where no disease causing organisms are present

Answer 26

heating milk from cow to 145 F then allowing to cool, to kill bacteria before consumption

Answer 27

process of determining the nature of an illness

Answer 28

result or info from diagnosis, then prescription or plan

Answer 29

treatment prescribed by a doctor (eg. physiotherapy)

Answer 30

chemical treatment given to kill diseased cells

Answer 31

invasion of body by disease producing micro-organisms

Answer 32

contagious, germs easily transferred

Answer 33

rate of occurrence of disease

Answer 34

disease present at birth

Answer 35

chemical used on living tissue, to kill germs

Answer 36

disease with unknown cause

Answer 37

study of very small living organisms

Answer 38

study of bacteria

Answer 39

study of causes of disease

Answer 40

study of protozoa (one celled animal cells)

Answer 41

study of disease

Answer 42

study of parasites

Answer 43

study of the function of living organisms

Answer 44

study of the structure of living organisms

Answer 45

the impairment or change from the normal state which prevents some of the tissues and organs from carrying on their required function Some diseases can be communicable (contagious) and some not. can also be caused by environmental factors like lack of sunshine (vitamin D) egs. Rickets or osteoporosis; or poor nutrition called malnutrition.

Answer 46

Changes in body function that are experienced by a patient. Eg. nausea, pain

Answer 47

things you can see, hear from a patient eg. pale skin, high breathing

Answer 48

Some diseases can lack symptoms but can still be serious

Answer 49

Sign and symptoms that occur together (eg. flat forehead in Down Syndrome)

Answer 50

diseases/ illnesses of short duration but can still be deadly

Answer 51

diseases/ illnesses of long duration (or over time) and can be deadly

Answer 52

factors play a role like where you live and what chemicals you are exposed to

Answer 53

disease present at the same time in people

Answer 54

It is designed to defend you against millions of bacteria, germs, viruses, toxins and parasites that intend to invade your body. The importance of an immune system is demonstrated when a living thing dies. During death, all systems shut down, including your immune system. This allows many types of bacteria and parasites to attack your body and break it down, leaving nothing but a skeleton. Your immune system prevents this when you are alive. your immune system is at work all the time but goes unnoticed, until it is really needed

Answer 55

disease present in an area

Answer 56

These are side effects of the immune system doing its job: When a mosquito bites you, the sign that your immune system is at work is that the area gets a red, itchy bump. Each day you inhale thousands of germs from the air, and your immune system deals with them. Occasionally, a germ gets past defense and you catch a cold or the flu. The signs of your immune system at work here is the runny nose, fever. Each day you swallow hundreds of germs, and the odd time a germ again gets past the defense system and causes food poisoning. The symptoms of reaction are puking and diarrhea. Some people have allergies, which is the immune system overreacting to certain stimuli that others don’t react to. Eg. Nuts Sometimes the immune system works when we don’t want it to, like during an organ transplant. Often the immune system rejects the new organ, because it is foreign

Answer 57

1. Innate Responses (Non-Specific): First Line of Defense: It creates a barrier that prevents bacteria and viruses from entering your body Second Line of Defense: Non-specific cells will work to fight the virus after detecting an invader. 2. Adaptive Responses: Third Line of Defense: (memory) If the germs get into the body, the immune system tries to detect and eliminate it before it reproduces by recognizing the germs from previous exposure

Answer 58

The Skin acts like a boundary between germs and your body. It is tough and impermeable and it also secretes antibacterial substances, which kill bacteria when it lands on your skin. Tears from your eyes and mucous from your nasal passages, lungs, throat and skin contain the enzyme lysozyme that breaks down the cell wall of bacteria. Mucous lines these areas and traps bacteria, then tries to eliminate it out of the body by coughing, or sneezing, or creating pus. Saliva in the mouth is also antibacterial. Sweating, eye lashes, body pH, diarrhea, puking, fever

Answer 59

Leukocytes or White Blood Cells are independent and move on their own to capture germs. They do not divide or reproduce on their own. There are many 3 classes of leukocytes, with different functions. Granulocytes (most), lymphocytes (B-cells/T-cells), monocytes (least and develop into macrophages)

Answer 60

a clear fluid that contains Lymphocytes (a type of WBC) and macrophages (another type of WBC) that help fight infection Lymph collects some waste products such as bacteria and damaged cells from inside the body’s tissue so that they can be removed from the body or destroyed Lymph drains into lymph vessels which carries it to lymph nodes to be filtered

Answer 61

The lymphatic system is a type of circulatory system Includes the tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels. Important part of the immune system Helps maintain blood pressure, Transports some hormones, nutrients and waste products

Answer 62

Fight disease and microorganisms that cause infections, like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. There are 3 types: B Cells T Cells Natural Killer Cells

Answer 63

Once the germs are inside the body, the components of the Immune system that are important are: 1. THE LYMPH SYSTEM 2. THE THYMUS 3. THE SPLEEN 4. BONE MARROW 5. WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Answer 64

This system contains lymph, which is clearish liquid that bathes the cells with water and nutrients, and flows through the body in the capillaries. The lymph system detects and filters out bacteria. Different parts of your body has lymph nodes, which contain filtering tissue and lymph cells. When fighting bacterial infections, the lymph nodes swell with bacterial cells to indicate an infection.

Answer 65

lso called leukocytes, WBC are independent and move on their own to capture germs. They do not divide or reproduce on their own. There are many 3 classes of leukocytes, with different functions. Granulocytes (most), lymphocytes (B-cells/T-cells), monocytes (least and develop into macrophages)

Answer 66

This organ is in your chest, between your breast bone and heart. It produces T-cells, which bump into abnormal cells and kills them.

Answer 67

Hormones generated by the immune system are called lymphokines. Some hormones in the body like steroids (components of adrenaline, cortisol) can suppress the immune system. Tymosin (made by the Thymus) encourages lymphocyte (white blood cell) production.

Answer 68

Also called immunoglobulins and gamma globulins, are produced by white blood cells. They are Y-Shaped proteins that each respond to a specific antigen, by binding to it, and disabling the chemical action of the toxin or stop its movement, then signal to the complement system that the invader needs to be removed.

Answer 69

Sometimes immune system is not able to activate itself quickly enough to outpace the reproducing bacteria Antibiotics only work on bacterial infections and not viruses because viruses are not alive (antibiotics- against living things) Antibiotics interrupt the machinery inside bacterial cell wall Lose effectiveness over time, and sometimes one of bacteria has a mutation and is resistant to drug and continues reproducing

Answer 70

The Third Line of Defense is meant to generate antibodies so that if exposed to the virus again, it can recognize and fight the virus to prevent illness.

Answer 71

Spleen filters the blood looking for foreign cells, and replaces old red blood cells. (It can be removed but you would get sick more often)

Answer 72

There are some diseases, like Measles, Chicken Pox, that you only catch once. This is because your immune system is able to clone the antibodies that attack those diseases and use them again, so that they will not affect you for a second time. This is similar to the use of vaccines. A vaccine is a weakened form of a disease, that is injected into a living thing. Once inside your body, your immune system mounts the same defence, but since it is weaker, you get no symptoms. So when the real disease arrives, your body is ready to eliminate it.

Answer 73

Marrow produces red blood cells, and also stem cells, which are cells that can branch off and become any type of cell. (like WBC’s)

Answer 74

“club foot” results from severe distortion of the developing extremities during intrauterine growth; congenital disease

Answer 75

System is a series of proteins, like antibodies, but not as abundant in the bloodstream. Compliments are manufactured in the liver. They work with antibodies by lysing (bursting) of cells and signal to phagocytes that a cell needs to be removed.

Answer 76

congenital and genetic disease that results from the presence of an extra chromosome per cell. -Present at birth, infant has distinct facial features: face is round, close-set eyes that slant upward, head is small and grows at unusual slow rate, nose is flat, tongue is large and protruding, muscles and joints are lax, academic level never progresses beyond 7-8 years old.

Answer 77

1. Type 1 Diabetes -when the immune system inappropriately attacking cells in the pancreas and destroys them. 2. Rheumatoid Arthritis - is caused by the immune system attacking the joints. 3. AIDS (HIV)- is when the immune system attacks itself 4. Chrohn’s disease- the immune system attacks the digestive system 5. Vitiligo- where the immune system attacks skin 6. Lupus- the immune system attacks many parts of body 7. Multiple Sclerosis- immune system attacks nervous system message pathway to muscles

Answer 78

genetic disorder where infant is born with an extra finger on the fifth finger of each hand

Answer 79

disease that lacks a certain enzyme that prevents the proper metabolism of phenylalanine, a common amino acid. It accumulates in the blood and if left untreated will lead to severe mental retardation before 2 years old, and cause convulsions

Answer 80

There are over 100 different cell types in the body Why are Cells so Tiny? Cells take in nutrients and dispose of waste through the cell membrane. If cells get too large it becomes difficult to dispose of the waste and toxins begin building up in the cell. When the cell becomes too large to absorb enough nutrients for optimal functioning it must divide.

Answer 81

Brain cells 30-50 years Red blood Cells 120 days Cells that line the stomach 2-4 days Liver Cells 200 days Skin Cells 20 days

Answer 82

Divide in an uncontrolled manner They are undifferentiated They are not contact inhibited Less dependent on nutrients from outside Do not die, immortal High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio Genetically unstable Altered chromosomes, heterogeneity invade across the basement membrane

Answer 83

Some cells have definite life spans programmed into their genetic material. They die when they receive “instructions” to do so or when they are no longer needed or cannot function normally. Eg. have not received enough food or oxygen, etc. To maintain a healthy body, these cells must be replaced. Every hour about 1 billion of your cells die and another 1 billion are made. The cells go through several stages in their lifetime called The Cell Cycle

Answer 84

Growth: to increase the number of cells in the body Repair: to replace dead, damaged or old cells Reproduction: to make exact copies (clones)

Answer 85

We age because as cells die, they are either not replaced, or are replaced at a slower pace. This process results to changes to the structures and functions of major body systems. wrinkly skin, lower bone density, etc. As cells lose their ability to regenerate efficiently it weakens our ability to fight off diseases

Answer 86

Cancer Cells occur as a result of a mutation Cancer cells are cells that divide continuously to a point where the division is out of control. When this happens Cancer Cell Growth can: lead to the crowding of other cells and the creation of a tumour or a lump OR flood the blood with abnormal cells Cells become cancerous when a cell reproduces uncontrollably, without aging or dying like normal cells. This is due to an activation of an enzyme telomerase, that maintains the integrity of the chromosomes during cell division. This causes the cells to lose control of their functions and eventually pile up on top of each other to form a tumour

Answer 87

1. Chemical – not all chemicals are carcinogens (chemicals in cigarettes and some factories are carcinogenic) 2. Physical – 1. Radiation- energy that travels through space from many different sources, such as the sun, electrical appliances and x-rays. 2 main kinds of radiation that make up the electromagnetic spectrum are: ionizing radiation (cosmic, gamma and x-rays) - cancer causing non-ionizing radiation (ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves and radio waves) 2. Asbestos- is a naturally occurring silicate mineral with long, thin fibrous crystals material that is made up of tiny fibers; was used as insulation in buildings and ships 3. Food/diet- some increase risk (alcohol, processed meats, additives, pickled, smoked or charcoaled) some decrease risk (fruits and veggies) ; obesity increases risk and viruses 4. Viral –EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) which can cause esophageal cancer and HPV (human papilloma virus) which can cause cervical cancer. Hepatitis B 5. Hereditary- breast and cervical 6. Stress- invites viruses, decreases immune response chemical interferon, so mutated and cancer cells live 7. Medications- egs. Steroids and hormones (Hormone replacement therapy for menopausal women) affect the cell’s growth rate

Answer 88

in every cell’s lifetime DNA is replicated repeatedly by mitosis. The replication of the DNA can be perfect, or it could be faulty. Mutations: occur when DNA is not replicated correctly. Can be beneficial to the cell but most of the time mutations are either neutral (no effect) or damaging. Cancer is an example of a type of mutation that has occurred in a cells DNA The mutation of the DNA in the cell can turn the cell from a normal cell to a cancerous one

Answer 89

Grow and divide in an orderly fashion Some normal cells divide often, other do not They are differentiated They are contact inhibited Die in an orderly manner (apoptosis) Have lots of cytoplasm Are mortal Have restriction points in the cell cycle

Answer 90

Still resemble our cells and evade the immune system Agents that kill tumor cells, kill the normal cells too Not all tumor cells grow rapidly If they have metastasized (spread) they are nearly impossible to kill if they have made it to dangerous areas (eg. Blood, bones, lymph nodes, vital organs, brain) Cancer can be asymptomatic, which allows the cancer to reach the later more dangerous stages

Answer 91

additional genetic changes in hyperplastic cells lead to more abnormal growth. Cells and tissue don’t look normal and are unorganized

Answer 92

uncontrolled cell divisions lead to an excess of cells in that area. Cells look normal, but too many

Answer 93

not cancerous since don’t spread to tissues, but can still cause health problems

Answer 94

additional abnormality, cells spread to a larger area. Good cells regress and lose capabilities. Cancer cells can be cured by surgery

Answer 95

have ability to invade surrounding tissue and spread (metastasize). Most dangerous and account for most deaths

Answer 96

More favorable outcome Encapsulated, non-invasive Remains at original site Highly differentiated Mitosis rare Slow growth

Answer 97

Once the damage is done, additional carcinogens we are exposed to promote the damage

Answer 98

often fatal outcome Non-encapsulated, invasive May metastasize Tendency to de-differentiate Mitosis common Fast growth

Answer 99

the cancerous cell will continue to divide with its cancerous DNA and will not revert back to the normal cell

Answer 100

The spread of tumor cells from the primary tumor to distant sites or organs. Metastasis is the big killer. It is difficult to treat metastases, there are always resistant cells – spheroid morphology of nodules is difficult to treat. A 1 gm tumor (about a billion cells) may shed a million cells in the circulation/ day. Seed and soil hypothesis

Answer 101

Cancer affects 1 in 3 people in Canada during their lifetime. About 60% of all cancers are likely preventable. Fewer than half of the people who get cancer will die of the disease. Although cancer cases are on the rise, mortality rates from cancer have decreased Cancer is the leading cause of premature death in Canada An estimated 171,000 new cases of cancer (excluding about 75,100 non-melanoma skin cancers) and 75,300 deaths will occur in Canada in 2009. Out of the 171,000 cases, 89, 300 are males and 81,700 are females

Answer 102

Surgery - direct removal of tumor Chemotherapy – drugs that inhibit ability of tumor cells to replicate Radiation – high energy beams cause DNA damage and tumor cell death Biological therapies – immunotherapy, use of natural proteins, to turn immune system against tumor Hormone therapy - affects rate at which tumor cells grow, multiply or die Bone marrow transplants - strengthens blood making system of patient weakened by radiation or chemotherapy Vaccines- proteins given to stimulate body’s defenses against cancer

Answer 103

Cholerae Vibrio

Answer 104

Bacilli It causes botulism They can cause food poisening

Answer 105

Spirochete

Answer 106

Streptococcus Causes scarlet fever Causes septicemia Causes strep throat Releases a poisonous toxin

Answer 107

Protozoa Parasites One celled animal cells

Answer 108

Staphylococcus

Answer 109

Eyrthrocytes

Answer 110

They can cause mycotic infections It is in the same family as penicillin and opiods They are not bacteria or protozoa

Answer 111

Tetani They can harm the nervous system They can cause lockjaw They can cause tuberculosis and leprosy They have a vaccine

Answer 112

Staphyloccoci

Answer 113

Dust not dirt

Answer 114

Physiology

Answer 115

It is a parasite It can use you as a host It can reach up to 50 feet inside humans

Answer 116

Vitiligo Diabetes AIDS MS Chrohn's disease Lupus

Answer 117

Vegetative Active

Answer 118

Spore Resistant

Answer 119

The bacteria is called spirochete It is a sexually trasmitted infection It can be fatal It affects the nervous system

Answer 120

When immune system attacks other systems Similar in allergies in the way it acts

Answer 121

hyperplasia

Answer 122

Present at birth

Healthcare test for body systems Flashcards

(190 cards)