Musculoskeletal unit test Flashcards

Question

Vomer

Answer 1

1 bone in the middle of the nose, facial

Answer 2

Twelve pairs Made up of : - bone - cartilage which strengthen the chest cage and permit it to expand. - Curved and slightly twisted making it ideal to protect the chest area

Answer 3

1. The pectoral girdle (chest) 2. Pelvic girdle (hip) 3. The upper limbs 4. The lower limbs

Answer 4

Consists of: - Scapula (shoulder blade) - Clavicle (collar bone) Allows the upper limb great mobility The sternoclavicular joint is the only point of attachment between the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle

Answer 5

Humerus - The arm bone - shoulder to elbow Radius and Ulna - The forearm bones - elbow to wrist - the radius being located on the thumb side of the hand when you pronate the forearm, the radius is actually crossing over the ulna

Answer 6

- lower limb - leg bones - From knee to ankle - Tibia is medial and fibula is lateral

Answer 7

- lower limb - knee cap - sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps muscles (thigh)

Answer 8

- lower limb - thigh bone - from hip to knee

Answer 9

- lower limb - The distal ends of the tibia and fibula, respectively commonly referred to as the "ankle bones" - can be easily palpated

Answer 10

- lower limb - 7 ankle bones - calcaneus or the heel bone talus

Answer 11

5 bones of the foot unite with the toes

Answer 12

- lower limb - toe bones - three per toe except the big toe - proximal, middle and distal

Answer 13

1. Provide rigid support and structure for body 2. Protect brain and vital organs 3. Crucial to locomotion as they provide sites of attachment for muscles 4. Provide a reservoir for minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium. 5. Produce and store blood cells

Answer 14

LONG BONES- humerus, femur, phalanges, ulna, radius, fibula, tibia, metacarpals, metatarsals, clavicle SHORT BONES- carpals, tarsals FLAT BONES- scapula, cranium, ribs, ilium, sternum IRREGULAR BONES- all vertebrae (coccyx, sacrum), face (zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal) SESAMOID BONES- patella

Answer 15

- Include 7 bones of ankle (tarsals) and 8 wrist (carpals) - Serve as good shock absorbers

Answer 16

- Include femur of the thigh, humerus of the upper arm, and clavicle - Any bone whose length greatly exceeds its diameter - Provide levers for movement Diaphysis – shaft Epiphysis – ends

Answer 17

- Include bones of the skull, scapula, ribs, sternum, and cranium, ilium - Largely protect underlying organs Skull: - Two sheets of compact bone - spongy bone

Answer 18

Include patella Oval, like a pea and found in tendons

Answer 19

- Include bones of your face and vertebrae - Bones that cannot be placed in other groups - Fulfil special functions

Answer 20

Simple - The break can be severe but remains beneath the skin Compound - The broken end of the bone breaks through the skin Comminuted - The bone is crushed or fragments into several pieces Greenstick - the bone breaks only on one side. Occurs in kids most.

Answer 21

When bones of a joint are pulled out of alignment Joint ligaments are stretched or torn Takes longer to heal than a fracture Dislocations are often caused by collisions or falls and are common in finger and shoulder joints.

Answer 22

more serious than a dislocation; the ligaments attaching your collarbone (clavicle) and shoulder blade (scapula) are disrupted.

Answer 23

Ligaments are stretched or torn but bones remain in place; 1st - 3rd degrees First Degree (mild) least severe short time to heal Second Degree (moderate) more severe require treatment from a physiotherapist once diagnosed by a doctor Third Degree (most severe) may require surgery and rehabilitation may take form six to twelve months to fully repair

Answer 24

Each disc is surrounded by a tissue called annulus. If the annulus weakens the disc will bulge out and push on nerves or spinal cord. Results in pain, numbness or twitching

Answer 25

Spaces between the bone tissue becomes enlarged, weakening the bone. This is due to a lack of calcium, aging

Answer 26

condition involving loss of cartilage at joints. Osteoarthritis (a joint disease) is often confused with osteoporosis, which is a disease characterized by low bone mass and bone deterioration.

Answer 27

(bursa – singular) are small flattened sacs of fluid at friction points between tendons, ligaments and bones; Inflammation of one or more synovial sacs; Common around the shoulder, elbow.

Answer 28

Cells in the synovial cavity are destroyed. Cartilage is destroyed. Bone on bone contact leads to inflammation and pain.

Answer 29

sideways curvature of spine (cause unknown; born with it)

Answer 30

Initial Treatment of Injury R: Rest I: Ice C: Compression E: Elevate

Answer 31

Basics on How to Identify Bone Injury Swelling: Instantly or over time Heat: Increased temperature in the area Altered: Tissue will not function properly Red: in colour Painful: to touch or move

Answer 32

Osteoarthritis (OA) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) Lupus ― Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)

Answer 33

Hands: Osteoarthritis of the fingers seems to have some hereditary characteristics More women than men have it, and they develop it especially after menopause Heberden's nodes: small, bony knobs that appear on the end joints of the fingers Bouchard's nodes: knobs that appear on the middle joints of the fingers. Fingers can become enlarged and gnarled, and they may ache or be stiff and numb.

Answer 34

when 2 bones come together, they form an articulation or joint 1. Ball and Socket Ex. Hips, shoulder 2. Hinge Ex. Knee, elbow 3. Gliding Ex. Wrists (carpals), ankles (tarsals) 4. Pivot Ex. Neck, forearm 5. Immovable Ex. Skull, sacrum

Answer 35

tough, cord-like tissues that connect bone to bone.

Answer 36

tough, fibrous cords that connect muscles to bones.

Answer 37

bundles of specialized cells that contract to produce movement when stimulated by nerves.

Answer 38

the tendon which attaches our calf muscles (gastrocnemius & soleus to our heel (calcaneus)

Answer 39

Orthopedic

Answer 40

- Standing erect - Facing forward - Arms hanging at the sides - Palms facing forward and the thumbs outward - Legs straight - Heels, feet and great toes parallel to each other - The starting reference point for describing the human body - It is universally accepted - It is used in all anatomical descriptions

Answer 41

Away from the midline of the body

Answer 42

Towards the midline

Answer 43

In front of or front of your body

Answer 44

Behind or back of your body

Answer 45

Closer to some specified region (point of attachment for limbs)

Answer 46

Further from a specified region (point of attachment for limbs)

Answer 47

Lying on the back face up E.g., when performing a bench press

Answer 48

Lying face down

Answer 49

With reference to organs and tissues in the body further away from the outside of the body eg. Your heart is deep compared to your skin

Answer 50

With reference to organs and tissues in the body your skin is superficial compared to your lungs

Answer 51

Location: Walls of all organs eg. stomach, intestines, etc Type of control: Involuntary Shape of fibres: Elongated, spindle-shaped, pointed ends Striations: Absent Speed of Contraction: Slowest Ability to remain contracted: Greatest

Answer 52

Location: Attached to skeleton Type of control: Voluntary Shape of fibres: Elongated, cylindrical, blunt ends Striations: Present Speed of Contraction: Most rapid Ability to remain contracted: Least

Answer 53

Location: Walls of heart Type of control: Involuntary Shape of fibres: Elongated, cylindrical fibers that branch Striations: Present Speed of Contraction: Intermediate Ability to remain contracted: Intermediate

Answer 54

- There are more than 650 muscles in the human body. - More than 400 of them are skeletal muscles. - The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the body and the stapedius (in ear) is the smallest. - Muscles account for 40% of a man’s total weight. - Muscles consists mainly of protein. - Muscles move the body by contracting (shortening). - A muscle can contract up to 30% of its resting length. - Muscles get their energy from glycogen which comes from the carbohydrates we eat. In order to release it’s energy, glucose needs oxygen. - If there is not enough oxygen getting to the muscle lactic acid builds up which causes pain and cramps. These contain two main kinds of protein. These are actin and myosin. These proteins give the muscle a striated appearance. During contraction these proteins overlap, the muscle becomes shorter and thicker. Myosin is located within myofibril. The actin slide over the myosin during contraction. Contractions starts with an impulse from motor nerve. Motor nerves are connected at motor end plate. - Exercise does not increase the number of muscle cells, but it does increase the size of the actual fibre. - Pairs of muscles that oppose each other’s motion are called antagonist. The biceps and triceps are an example. When weight training it’s important to work both. - Tendons connect muscle to bone. - The body or belly of a skeletal muscle contains many cells or fibres. - A muscle contains many myofibrils. - The point were a nerve and muscle interact is the neuromuscular junction. - Muscles of the arms are smaller than muscles of the legs because they do not have to support the weight of the body. However, the muscles of arms and legs are arranged in similar ways.

Answer 55

SIZE: vastus, maximus, minimus, longus, brevis SHAPE: deltoid, latissimus, trapezius, rhomboids, teres,orbicularis DIRECTION OF FIBRES: rectus, oblique, transverse LOCATION: pectoralis, gluteus, brachii, supra, infra, sub, lateralis, medialis NUMBER OF ORIGINS: bi, tri, quad ORIGIN AND INSERTION: sternocleidomastoid ACTION: adductor, abductor, supinator, pronator,

Answer 56

LOCOMOTION – ALL BODY MOVEMENTS AND MANY BODY FUNCTIONS POSTURE – EVEN WHEN RELAXED MUSCLES ARE WORKING TO KEEP YOU UPRIGHT HEAT PRODUCTION – BODY NEEDS A BASAL TEMPERATURE AND MUSCLES KEEP THIS BY RELEASING HEAT AS A BY-PRODUCT OF REACTIONS.

Answer 57

allows you move food around in your mouth and get it to a position to be swallowed allows you to pronounce words and speak intelligibly

Answer 58

There are muscles posterior, lateral and anterior to the neck or cervical region These muscles: Maintain the position in which the head sits on the 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) i.e. they hold up our head Also permit a wide range of movement

Answer 59

The most important anterior pair of muscles Movements: Acting together, they flex the head toward the chest Individually, each muscle tilts the face up and toward the opposite side

Answer 60

upper fibres Important lateral neck muscles Movements: Acting alone, tilt the head to the same side Together, they assist in neck extension

Answer 61

Important posterior neck muscles Attach to sacrum inferiorly, and to the skull superiorly maintain your erect position Therefore, they are also called anti-gravity muscles When someone faints, these muscle no longer function and the body falls face forward to the ground

Answer 62

Anterior Pectoralis Major Pectoralis Minor Subclavius Serratus Anterior Posterior Trapezius Latissimus Dorsi Levator Scapulae Rhomboids Major Rhomboids Minor

Answer 63

Anterior Subscapularis Posterior Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Teres Major Lateral Deltoid

Answer 64

Attaches proximally to distal part of humerus (short head) distally to proximal part of ulna (together with long head) movements of the arm: flexor of the elbow joint supinator of the forearm

Answer 65

Attaches proximally to the anterior surface of the humerus distally to the coronoid process of the ulna movements of the arm powerful flexor of the elbow joint it works along with the biceps brachii.

Answer 66

Attaches Proximally to humerus (medial and lateral head) Distally to the olecranon process of the ulna(together with long head) Movement of the arm: elbow extensor

Answer 67

attached to the medial epicondyle of the humerus

Answer 68

attached to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Answer 69

include 3 muscles: gluteus maximus the largest of the three muscles principal extensor of the hip Gluteus medius (superior) and gluteus minimus (deep) assist it in hip extension abduct the hip lateral or external rotators of the hip six little muscles

Answer 70

Pectineus gracilis Adductors: adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus primary action - adduct the thigh towards the midline

Answer 71

Sartorius (longest) Quadriceps rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis. Extend at the knee Sartorius and Rectus femoris also flex at the hip

Answer 72

Hamstrings biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus attach proximally to the ischial tuberosity distally, biceps femoris to the head of the fibula and the semitendinosus and semimembranosus to the tibia. flex the knee also extend at the hip

Answer 73

tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus (deep) extensor digitorum (deep) arise from anterolateral surface of the tibia interosseous membrane between the tibia and the fibula anterior surface of the fibula cross anterior to the ankle joint attach distally to medial side of the foot distal phalanges of the digits movements: primarily dorsi-flexors of the ankle extensors of the toes Tibialis anterior further inverts the foot Peroneus tertius assist in eversion

Answer 74

peroneus longus peroneus brevis proximaly attach to the lateral surface of the tibia pass behind the lateral malleolus distally attach to the foot movement plantar flexors everters of the sole of the foot

Answer 75

Superficial group Gastrocnemius has two proximal heads proximally attaches to the medial and lateral epicondyles of the distal femur Soleus proximally attaches to head proximal ends of tibia and fibula gastroc and soleus come together to form an Achilles tendon principal plantar flexors of the ankle

Answer 76

STRAIN- stretching or tearing of a muscle/tendon CHARLEY HORSE-muscular pain, cramping, or stiffness especially of the quadriceps that results from a strain or bruise. SHIN SPLINTS-acute pain in the shin and lower leg caused by prolonged running, on hard surfac MYOPATHY- disease of muscle tissue PLANTAR FASCIITIS- an inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of your foot that connects your heel bone to toes SPASMS (CRAMPS)- involuntary, painful contractions and tightening of the muscles

Answer 77

external oblique internal oblique transversus abdominus reach from the vertebral column, ribs, and hip bone posteriorly meet in the midline anteriorly through rectus abdominus functions: lateral bending of the abdomen rotation of the abdomen extension of the abdomen during forced inspiration allow the development of a pregnant uterus contract to help expel fecal contents from the rectum

Answer 78

Paired midline muscles Powerful flexor of the anterior abdominal wall Strengthening of the abdominal muscles is a very important part of back therapy, because the abdominals act to support the back.

Answer 79

Modified flexion with respect to ankle joint bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin

Answer 80

Modified flexion with respect to ankle joint “planting” or pointing the foot

Answer 81

reduces the angle between two bones at a joint

Answer 82

increases the angle between two bones at a joint

Answer 83

moving segment towards the midline of the body

Answer 84

moving a segment away from the midline

Answer 85

Movement in a circular axis Occurs when flexion-extension movements are combined with abduction-adduction movements

Answer 86

turning of a bone on its longitudinal axis Medial rotation - rotation towards the midline Lateral rotation - rotation away from the midline

Answer 87

Movements relative to the forearm and hand when the palm is moved to face down

Answer 88

Movements relative to the forearm and hand when the palm is moved to face up

Answer 89

Movements relative to the sole of the foot When the sole is turned inward

Answer 90

Movements relative to the sole of the foot

Musculoskeletal unit test Flashcards

(116 cards)