Hearing, Taste And Movement

Question 1

How are sound waves detected?

Answer 1

Pinna (outer ear)

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Cochlea (with 3 fluid filled tunnels)

Vibrations displace hair cells in cochlea

Auditory nerve (nerve bundle)

Question 2

Where is the sound info processed in the brain?

Answer 2

Ear

Cochlear nucleus
crossover
Primary auditory cortex

Question 3

What’s the place theory?

Distinguishing between frequencies

Answer 3

Each area of the basilar membrane refers to a specific pitch

BUT areas too tightly linked to resonate

Question 4

What’s the frequency theory?

Distinguishing between frequencies

Answer 4

Vibrations of basilar membranes in sync with sound waves

BUT Neurons can’t fire quick enough

Question 5

What’s the current view of distinguishing between frequencies?

Answer 5

Combination of both place theory and frequency theory

Question 6

If the primary auditory cortex is damaged could it cause deafness?

Answer 6

Sound processing would be affected but not deafness

Question 7

If the middle ear is damaged could it cause deafness?

Answer 7

Conductive deafness - damage of bones of the Middle ear

Question 8

What happens with nerve deafness?

Answer 8

Damage of cochlea, hair cells

Inherited

Question 9

How do the ears receive different information? (3)

Answer 9

Difference in time of arrival
Difference in intensity
Phase difference in sound waves

Question 10

What’s the hearing range?

Answer 10

20hz to 20khz

Question 11

What’s vestibular sensation?

Answer 11

Sensations of body rotation , gravitation and movement

Question 12

What does the vestibular organ do and what’s it crucial for?

Answer 12

Detects position and movement of the head

Crucial for balance

Question 13

What are the 3 semicircular canals of the vestibular organ?

Answer 13

Next to the inner ear

Filled with jelly like substance, lined with hair cells

Question 14

How does vestibular sensation work?

Answer 14

Head moves

Within the 3 semicircular cans (jelly like substance moves)

Calcium carbonate particles move against hair cells

Brain stem

Cerebellum

Question 15

Why are there 3 canals?

Answer 15

To represent the three dimensions

Question 16

What 3 things make up sound? And what are they?

Answer 16

Sound waves - periodic compressions of air, causing vibrations

Frequency - number of compressions per time, relates to perceived pitch

Amplitude - intensity of the sound waves, relates to the perceived loudness

Question 17

What affects people’s sensitivity?

Answer 17

The number of fungiform papillae affect people’s sensitivity to all tastes

Lots of them increase sensitivity “super tasters”

Question 18

What are a group of taste buds called?

Answer 18

Papillae

Question 19

What are taste buds similar to?

Answer 19

Behave like Neurons : release neurotransmitters to excite nearly Neurons

But not Neurons: modified skin cells

Question 20

What are the 4 types of primary taste?

Answer 20

Sweet
Salty
Sour
Bitter

Question 21

What recent discovery of taste has even found?

Answer 21

Glutamate taste receptors found in fast foods

Question 22

How does the brain encode taste?

Answer 22

Taste

Medulla

Insula and somatosensory cortex

Question 23

What 2 functions does the tongue have?

Answer 23

Taste

Touch

Question 24

What happens when humans taste?

Answer 24

To obtain information on the chemical environment with physical contact and with a focus on food

Question 25

What 3 chemical sensory organs do humans have?

Answer 25

Taste Smell Vomeronasal organs

Question 26

What is vomeronasal sensation?

Answer 26

Detects odourless chemicals that affects behaviour Receptors of olfactory bulb

Question 27

Name and describe 2 movement disorders?

Answer 27

Huntingtons disease - arm jerks, facial twitches, body tremors Parkinson's disease - rigidity, muscle tremors, slow movements Both are neurodegenerative diseases (involves deaths of Neurons in the brain)

Question 28

How do we move?

Answer 28

Skeletal or striated muscles controls movement of body in relation to the environment

Question 29

What are the 3 muscle types?

Answer 29

Skeletal or striated muscles Smooth muscles Cardiac muscles

Question 30

What's the primary motor cortex?

Answer 30

It has a map of areas of body's movements Stimulation at each spot causes specific movement Active even when we think about movement

Question 31

MOODLE which of these brain areas are involved in behavioural actions or in initiating such movements?

Answer 31

Cerebral cortex Primary motor cortex Basal ganglia

Question 32

MOODLE Parkinson's disease is associated with release mechanisms of which neurotransmitter?

Answer 32

Dopamine

Question 33

MOODLE The cerebellum is most important for processes that require...

Answer 33

Precise timing