Sensory Systems Vision And Touch

Question 1

What is perception?

Answer 1

Higher order process of integrating, recognising and interpreting sensation

Question 2

What’s the hierarchical organisation of sensory processing?

Answer 2

Association cortex 
Secondary sensory cortex
Primary sensory cortex
Thalamic nuclei
Receptors

Question 3

How does the eye take in light?

Answer 3

Light enters the eye through the pupil
Light then goes through the lens
Turns everything upside down

Question 4

How are Neurons arranged?

Answer 4

In layers the receptor cells are the innermost layer

Question 5

What’s a bundle of axons?

Answer 5

Optic nerve

Question 6

What’s the fovea?

Answer 6

Specialised for high acuity vision

Question 7

What’s the blind spot?

Answer 7

Gap in receptor layer

Question 8

What are the receptors in the retina called?

Answer 8

Ross and cones

Question 9

What are the rods?

Answer 9

Respond best to faint light
More rods than cones
Come together to make a ganglion cell

Question 10

What are cones?

Answer 10

Respond best to bright light
Essential for colour vision
Each come associated with one ganglion cell

Question 11

What do rods and cones contain?

Answer 11

Photo pigments

Question 12

What happens when photo pigments are struck by light?

Answer 12

Release energy

Question 13

What happens in the primary visual cortex?

Answer 13

Signals from left visual field reach right visual cortex and vice versa

Question 14

What’s the optic chiasm?

Answer 14

Part where axons cross over

Question 15

What happens after the optic chiasm?

Answer 15

Signals then go through thalamus and then to primary visual cortex

Question 16

What does it mean that the visual pathway is retinotopic?

Answer 16

Each level of the system is organised like the retina

Question 17

What’s the summary pathway?

Answer 17

Eye - retina - brain

Question 18

How do we perceive edges?

Answer 18

Edge perception = contrast perception

Question 19

Why do we need to move our eyes?

Answer 19

Critical for high acuity and so retinal images don’t disappear

Question 20

What are saccades?

Answer 20

Brief eye movements

Question 21

What does perception of an objects colour depend on?

Answer 21

Mixture of wavelengths

Question 22

What are the 2 principles of colour vision?

Answer 22

Component and opponent processing

Question 23

What are component processing “thrichromatic theory”?

Answer 23

3 different types of cones

Perceived colour depends on the relative activity of the 3 cones

Question 24

What’s opponent processing?

Answer 24

Neurons respond in opposite directions to complementary colours

Such as red-green and blue-yellow

Question 25

What's the colour blindness test?

Answer 25

Isihara colour test

Question 26

Why does colour blindness happen?

Answer 26

Deficiency or absence of photopigments responsive to a certain wavelength

Question 27

What gene is colour blindness carried on?

Answer 27

X chromosome

Question 28

What is the process called in colour constancy?

Answer 28

Top down processing

Question 29

What is the primary sensory cortex?

Answer 29

Striate cortex

Question 30

What are the secondary sensory cortexes? (2)

Answer 30

Prestriate cortex | Inferotemporal cortex

Question 31

What is the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 31

The association cortex

Question 32

What are the 2 major pathways/streams in visual system?

Answer 32

Dorsal and ventral

Question 33

What's the binding problem?

Answer 33

How the visual areas produce a perception of a single object

Question 34

What's one idea of the binding problem?

Answer 34

Sensory information converges into areas sensitive for more complex stimulus characteristics

Question 35

What's the alternative idea of the binding process?

Answer 35

Binding of a percept requires simultaneous activity in the brain areas Assembly of Neurons

Question 36

Touch and pain are aspects of which system?

Answer 36

Somatosensory system

Question 37

What's the first pathway carrying receptors to the brain?

Answer 37

Carries info of touch and proprioception (position of the body)

Question 38

What's the second pathway carrying receptors to the brain?

Answer 38

Carries info of pain and temperature

Question 39

What's the s1?

Answer 39

Postcentral gyrus

Question 40

What's the s2?

Answer 40

The secondary somatosensory cortex

Question 41

Which 2 neurotransmitters are released during pain?

Answer 41

Mild pain : glutamate Strong pain : glutamate and substance P

Question 42

What happens in pain relief?

Answer 42

Body produces own opiates and endocrines Which block release of substance P

Question 43

When are endorphins released?

Answer 43

Pleasant and unpleasant stimuli

Question 44

MOODLE | The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the _______

Answer 44

Optic chiasm

Question 45

The blind spot in each eye is blind because _______

Answer 45

There are no receptors there

Question 46

MOODLE The fact that all colours on older televisions were created by combining only three different colours of light supports the _______ theory of colour vision

Answer 46

Trichromatic

Question 47

MOODLE the enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of _____

Answer 47

Lateral inhibition in the retina

Question 48

MOODLE Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with _______

Answer 48

Reaching out to grasp an object

Question 49

MOODLE Colour blindness results from _____

Answer 49

Deficiency or absence of photopigments responsive to a certain wavelength

Question 50

What is sensation?

Answer 50

Process of detecting the presence of a stimulus

Question 51

MOODLE Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggests that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the _______

Answer 51

Somatosensory areas of the cortex

Question 52

MOODLE What processes is predicted by the gate-control theory of pain?

Answer 52

Pain information grows more intense as it passes each synapse on its way to the brain