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Clinical Anatomy > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what is AP view

A

x-rays enter anteriorly

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2
Q

what is PA view

A

x-rays enter posteriorly

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3
Q

what is the area located anteriorly to the lungs in the inferior mediastinum

A

anterior mediastinum

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4
Q

what is the area that contains the heart in the inferior mediastinum

A

middle mediastinum

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5
Q

what is the area below the heart in the inferior mediastinum

A

posterior mediastinum

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6
Q

what structures are located in the superior mediastinum

A 
thymus
L/R brachiocephalic vein
superior vena cava
brachiocephalic trunk
L common carotid and subclavian
arch of aorta
trachea
esophagus
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7
Q

what structures are located in the inferior mediastinum anteriorly

A

thymus

internal thoracic artery and vein

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8
Q

what structures are located in the inferior mediastinum medially

A 
superior vena cava
ascending aorta 
pulmonary artery and vein
pulmonary trunk
heart
pericardium
phrenic nerve
inferior vena cava
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9
Q

what structures are located in the inferior mediastinum posteriorly

A 
Descending aorta
Azygos system of veins
Thoracic duct
Esophagus and nerve plexus
Sympathetics
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10
Q

what structure is located externally on the heart

A

pericardium

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11
Q

what structure is on the backside of the pericardium, but not in contact with the heart itself

A

serous parietal

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12
Q

what structure lines the heart directly

A

visceral pericardium

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13
Q

what is the function of the pericardial sac

A

protects the heart
prevents cardiac distension
supplies lubricating fluid

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14
Q

what are the 3 layers of the pericardial sac

A

fibrous pericardium
parietal layer of serous pericardium
visceral layer of serous pericardium

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15
Q

what is pericardial effusion

A

fluid around the heart

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16
Q

what is cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the heart

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17
Q

what are the layers of the heart from outermost to innermost

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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18
Q

what is the epicardium

A

outer layer of the heart
consists of visceral layer of serous pericardium
fat and coronary vessels are deep to the pericardium

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19
Q

what is the myocardium

A

middle layer of the heart

cardiac muscle responsible for contraction

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20
Q

what is the endocardium

A

internal layer of the heart
endothelial cells
lines the lumen of the chambers and the cusps of vlaves

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21
Q

which layer lines the lumen of the heart

A

endocardium

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22
Q

which layer is responsible for contraction

A

myocardium

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23
Q

what does the right side of the heart receive

A

deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the lungs

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24
Q

what does the left side of the heart receive

A

oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the heart and body tissue

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25
Q

blood flow: IVC, SVC, coronary sinus to

A

right atrium

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26
Q

blood flow: right atrium through

A

tricuspid valve

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27
Q

Blood flow: through the tricuspid valve to

A

right ventricle

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28
Q

blood flow: from right ventricle through

A

pulmonic valve

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29
Q

blood flow: through pulmonic valve to

A

pulmonary trunk

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30
Q

blood flow: from pulmonary trunk to

A

right/left pulmonary arteries

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31
Q

blood flow: from r/l pulmonary arteries to

A

lungs

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32
Q

blood flow: from pulmonary veins to

A

left atrium

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33
Q

blood flow: from left atrium through

A

mitral/bicuspid valve

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34
Q

blood flow: through mitral/bicuspid valve to

A

left ventricle

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35
Q

blood flow: left ventricle through

A

aortic valve

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36
Q

blood flow: through aortic valve to

A

ascending aorta

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37
Q

blood flow: ascending aorta to

A

aortic arch an branches

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38
Q

blood flow: aortic arch and branches to

A

systemic and coronary circulation

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39
Q

what is the function of the superior vena cava

A

returns deoxygenated blood from all tissues above the diaphragm to the right atrium

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40
Q

what is the function of the inferior vena cava

A

returns deoxygenated blood from all tissues below the diaphragm to the right atrium

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41
Q

what is the function of the coronary sinus

A

returns deoxygenated blood from myocardium by coronary circulation to right atrium

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42
Q

what structures deliver blood to the right atrium

A

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

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43
Q

where does the right pulmonary artery deliver blood to

A

right lung

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44
Q

where does the left pulmonary artery deliver blood to

A

left lung

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45
Q

what area does the left pulmonary veins receive blood from

A

lungs and left atrium

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46
Q

what area of the body does the left pulmonary veins receive blood from

A

lungs to left atrium

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47
Q

what occurs during diastole

A

ventricles relax and fill with blood

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48
Q

what valves are considered atrial ventricular (AV) valves

A

tricuspid and bicuspid

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49
Q

what occurs during systole

A

ventricles contract and propel blood through the pulmonary arteries/aorta

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50
Q

what valves are open during systole

A

aortic and pulmonary valves

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51
Q

what is the right atrial appendage/auricle

A

add on room on the right atrium

increases capacity of the right atrium

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52
Q

what are the pectinate muscles

A

rough myocardium on the internal surface of the auricle

in right and left atrium

53
Q

what is the crista terminalis

A

internal vertical ridge that extends from the SVC and IVC
separates the rough and smooth portions of the right atrium
SA node is located in the superior portion

54
Q

what is the fossa ovalis/interatrial septum

A

located between left and right atrium

closes at birth

55
Q

what valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

56
Q

what valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary valve

57
Q

when is the tricuspid/right atrioventricular valve open

A

during diastole

blood flows from right atrium into right ventricle

58
Q

when does the tricuspid valve close

A

during systole

prevents retrograde/backward flow of blood from right ventricle into right atrium

59
Q

what structures of the heart receive deoxygenated blood from the body

A

inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
coronary sinus

60
Q

blood flow: IVC, SVC, coronary sinus to

A

right atrium

61
Q

blood flow: right atrium through

A

tricuspid valve

62
Q

blood flow: through tricuspid valve to

A

right ventricle

63
Q

blood flow: right ventricle through

A

pulmonic vlave

64
Q

blood flow: through pulmonic valve through

A

pulmonary trunk

65
Q

blood flow: pulmonary trunk to

A

right/left pulmonary arteries

66
Q

blood flow: right/left pulmonary arteries to

A

lungs

67
Q

oxygenated blood from the lungs returns through the 4 pulmonary veins to drain into which chamber

A

left chamber

68
Q

blood flow: from lungs to pulmonary veins to

A

left atrium

69
Q

blood flow: left atrium through

A

mitral/bicuspid valve

70
Q

blood flow: through mitral/bicuspid valve to

A

left ventricle

71
Q

blood flow: left ventricle through

A

aortic valve

72
Q

blood flow: through aortic valve

A

ascending aorta

73
Q

blood flow: ascending aorta to

A

aortic arch and branches

74
Q

blood flow: aortic arch and branches to

A

systemic and coronary circulation

75
Q

what are 4 veins that deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

A

inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
coronary veins
anterior cardiac veins

76
Q

what is chordae tendineae

A

fibrous cords that connect free edges of the cusps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles

77
Q

function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

A

keep AV valves from prolapsing backward into the atria when closing during systolic contraction of the ventricles

78
Q

what are papillary muscles

A

elevations of ventricular myocardium

attach to the AV valve leaflets via chordae tendinae

79
Q

when is the pulmonary/semilunar valve open

A

during systole

forces blood into the pulmonary trunk

80
Q

where is the pulmonary/semilunar valve located

A

between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

81
Q

when is the pulmonary/semilunar valve closed

A

during diastole

prevents retrograde return of blood from pulmonary trunk back into the right ventricle

82
Q

what are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary arteries

83
Q

what are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary veins

84
Q

when does the mitral valve open

A

during diastole

blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle

85
Q

when is the mitral valve closed

A

during systole

prevents retrograde backward return of blood from left ventricle into left atrium

86
Q

when is the aortic/semilunar valve open

A

during systole

blood flows from left ventricle into the ascending aorta

87
Q

when is the aortic/semilunar valve closed

A

during diastole

prevents retrograde backward return of blood from the ascending aorta back to the left ventricle

88
Q

what components are considered the arterial supply

A

coronary arteries

supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium/tissues of the heart

89
Q

what structures are considered as venous drainage

A

cardiac veins

drain deoxygenated blood from the myocardium/tissues of the heart

90
Q

where does the right coronary artery originate on the heart

A

right aortic sinus

91
Q

where does the left coronary artery originate on the heart

A

left aortic sinus

92
Q

what area does no artery arise from on the heart

A

posterior aortic (non coronary) sinus

93
Q

what are the branches of the right coronary artery

A

SA nodal branch
acute marginal (right marginal branch)
AV nodal branch
posterior interventricular branch

94
Q

where does the right coronary artery travel

A

in the coronary sulcus

between the right atrium and right ventricle

95
Q

what artery supplies the SA node

A

right coronary artery

96
Q

what artery supplies the right border of the heart

A

acute marginal (right marginal branch)

97
Q

what artery supplies the AV node

A

right coronary artery

98
Q

what artery lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus

A

posterior descending artery

99
Q

what artery supplies both ventricle and sends perforating interventricular septal branches into the IV septum

A

posterior descending artery

100
Q

what artery originates from the left aortic sinus

A

left coronary artery

101
Q

what artery travels between the pulmonary trunk and left atrial appendage before entering the coronary sulcus

A

left coronary artery

102
Q

what branches come off of the left coronary artery

A

left anterior descending (LAD)

circumflex branch artery

103
Q

what artery supplies adjacent parts of both ventricles and anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum

A

left anterior descending (LAD)

widow maker

104
Q

what artery travels to the left in the coronary sulcus and into the base/diaphragmatic surface of the heart

A

circumflex branch artery

105
Q

what artery branches off of the circumflex branch artery

A

obtuse marginal/left marginal artery

106
Q

what artery runs along the obtuse margin of the heart to supply the left ventricle

A

obtuse/left marginal artery

107
Q

what vein runs with the left anterior descending and circumflex branch of the left coronary artery

A

great cardiac vein

108
Q

what vein enlarges to form the coronary sinus

A

great cardiac vein

109
Q

what vein runs with the posterior descending artery

A

middle cardiac vein

110
Q

what vein runs with the right coronary artery and accompanies the right (acute) marginal artery (RCA)

A

small cardiac vein

111
Q

what pours into the coronary sinus

A

great, middle, small, posterior cardiac veins

112
Q

where does the coronary sinus drain into

A

right atrium

113
Q

what vein runs with the coronary silcus

A

coronary sinus

114
Q

what is the order of the cardiac conduction system

A 
sinoatrial node (SA)
atrioventricular node (AV)
His bundle
right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
115
Q

what is known as the cardiac pacemaker

A

SA node

sinoatrial node

116
Q

where is the AV node located

A

within the posteroinferior interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus

117
Q

where does the electrical wave move to after the AV node

A

bundle of His

118
Q

where does the electrical wave travel to after the bundle of his

A

Purkinje fibers

119
Q

the bundle of His divides into the

A

right and left bundle branches

120
Q

the right and left bundle branches continue on each side of the heart then divide into

A

purkinje fibers

121
Q

where are the Purkinje fibers located in the heart

A

in the walls of the ventricles

122
Q

what does the 2 internal iliac arteries to the placenta form into as an adult

A

2 medial umbilical ligaments/folds

not fully remnant with 2 branches

123
Q

where does the umbilical vein that start at a the liver an continues to the inferior vena cava end

A

ligament teres and ligamentum venosum

124
Q

what was the function of the allantois in baby

A

fetal urine drainage

125
Q

what is the function of the allantois in the adult

A

median umbilical ligament/fold

126
Q

what was the foramen ovale in baby

A

opening between R and L atrium

127
Q

what is the foramen ovale in adults

A

fossa ovalis

128
Q

what was the function of the ductus arteriosus in baby

A

bridges the blood vessel between aorta and pulmonary trunk

Clinical Anatomy (14 decks)

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