Heart

Question 1

heart location

Answer 1

mediastinum in the thoracic cavity, shifted 2/3 to the left of the midsternal line, between ribs 2-5

Question 2

chordae tendinae

Answer 2

collagen cords that attach to valves

Question 3

papillary muscles

Answer 3

anchor chordae tendinae to prevent valves from regurgitating blood

Question 4

fibrous skeleton

Answer 4

bands of fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles

Question 5

fibrous skeleton function

Answer 5

electrically separate atria from ventricles, encircle pulmonary trunk and aorta, and suspend heart valves

Question 6

heart layers

Answer 6

endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

Question 7

endocardium

Answer 7

inner endothelium made up of simple squamous epithelial cells

Question 8

myocardium

Answer 8

cardiac muscle that contracts to pump blood (left thicker than right due to higher aortic pressure)

Question 9

myocardium muscles (2)

Answer 9

pectinate muscle and trabecular carneae

Question 10

pectinate muscle

Answer 10

anterior atrial walls

Question 11

trabeculae carneae

Answer 11

anterior ventricular walls

Question 12

pericardium layers

Answer 12

inner serous and outer fibrous

Question 13

serous pericardium layers

Answer 13

parietal, pericardial cavity, visceral (epicardium)

Question 14

parietal layer of serous pericardium

Answer 14

lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium

Question 15

pericardial cavity

Answer 15

contains pericardial fluid which prevents friction between visceral and parietal layer

Question 16

visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)

Answer 16

adheres to surface of the heart for protection

Question 17

fibrous pericardium

Answer 17

dense irregular connective tissue that fuses inferiorly with diaphragm and superiorly with the great vessels

Question 18

fibrous pericardium functions

Answer 18

protects the heart, anchors heart to surrounding structures, prevents overfilling

Question 19

auricles

Answer 19

fatty pouches surrounding supplying vessels that aid in squeezing blood into the heart

Question 20

inter-atrial septum

Answer 20

separates left and right atria

Question 21

inter-ventricular septum

Answer 21

separates left and right ventricles

Question 22

atrioventricular valves (2)

Answer 22

left/mitral/bicuspid and right/tricuspid

Question 23

left atrioventricular valve

Answer 23

allows blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

Question 24

right atrioventricular valve

Answer 24

allows blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle

Question 25

pulmonary semilunar valve

Answer 25

allows blood flow from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk

Question 26

aortic semilunar valve

Answer 26

allows blood flow from left ventricle to aortic arch

Question 27

valve layers (4)

Answer 27

zona spongiosa, zona fibrosa, zona ventricularis, endothelium

Question 28

vena cava

Answer 28

supplies right atrium

Question 29

pulmonary veins

Answer 29

supply left atrium

Question 30

pulmonary trunk

Answer 30

carries from right ventricle

Question 31

aortic arch

Answer 31

carries from left ventricle

Question 32

aortic coronary branches

Answer 32

left and right coronary arteries

Question 33

left coronary artery branches (2)

Answer 33

anterior inter ventricular artery and circumflex artery

Question 34

anterior inter ventricular artery

Answer 34

supplies anterior walls of ventricles and inter ventricular septum

Question 35

circumflex artery

Answer 35

supplies part of atrial wall and lateral walls of left ventricle

Question 36

right coronary artery branches (2)

Answer 36

marginal artery and posterior inter ventricular artery

Question 37

marginal artery

Answer 37

supplies lateral walls of right ventricle

Question 38

posterior inter ventricular artery

Answer 38

supplies myocardium

Question 39

right atrium coronary branch

Answer 39

coronary sinus

Question 40

coronary sinus branches (4)

Answer 40

great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, posterior left ventricular vein

Question 41

sinoatrial node

Answer 41

contains pacemaker cells that spontaneously depolarise and cause contraction of atrial myocardium

Question 42

atrioventricular node

Answer 42

conducts electrical signals from the atrium to the ventricle and allows for short break to allow ventricular filling

Question 43

purkinje fibres

Answer 43

sends signals to ventricles for contraction

Question 44

cardiac plexus

Answer 44

branches enter fibrous pericardium to supply coronary vessels and myocardium

Question 45

cardiac sympathetic fibres functions (3)

Answer 45

increase heart rate, increase contractile force, dilate coronary vessels

Question 46

cardiac sympathetic fibres origin

Answer 46

lower 3 cervical and upper 4 sympathetic chain ganglia

Question 47

cardiac parasympathetic fibres functions (2)

Answer 47

decreases heart rate, involved in cardiac reflexes

Question 48

cardiac parasympathetic fibres origin

Answer 48

vagus nerve (X)

Question 49

cardiac visceral afferent fibres function

Answer 49

perceive pain in neck, upper limbs and chest

Question 50

cardiac visceral afferent fibres origin

Answer 50

C6-7 and T1-4

Question 51

foetal circulation

Answer 51

differs from usual circulation as oxygen and nutrients are received from the placenta via the umbilical vein and blood bypasses non-functional lungs

Question 52

foetal circulation shortcuts (3)

Answer 52

foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venous

Question 53

foramen ovale

Answer 53

between atria to bypass right ventricles and lungs

Question 54

foramen ovale after birth

Answer 54

left atrial pressure increases due to incoming blood from pulmonary veins causes it to close to become fossa ovalis

Question 55

ductus arteriosus

Answer 55

between pulmonary trunk and aortic arch to bypass left side of heart and lungs

Question 56

ductus arteriosus after birth

Answer 56

lungs expand and blood rushes into pulmonary circulation so oxygen levels rise causing it to constrict to become ligamentum artertiosum

Question 57

ductus venosus

Answer 57

between umbilical vein and inferior vena cava to bypass the liver

Question 58

ductus venosus after brith

Answer 58

umbilical cord is tied causing vessels to close and becomes ligamentum venous