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CN 100 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

It is about____ long, ____ wide at its
broadest point, and ______ thick, with an average mass of 250 g (8 oz) in adult
females and 300 g (10 oz) in adult males.

A

12 cm (5 in.) long, 9 cm (3.5 in.) wide, 6 cm (2.5 in.)

250 g (8 oz) in adult females
300 g (10 oz) in adult males.

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2
Q

The heart lies in the_____

A

mediastinum

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3
Q

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

A

Pericardium

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4
Q

The pericardium consists of two main parts

A

(1) the fibrous pericardium and (2) the serous pericardium

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5
Q

composed of tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue. It prevents overstretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum.

A

superficial fibrous pericardium

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6
Q

The inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium, which is also called the_____; is one of the layers of the heart wall and adheres tightly to the surface of the heart.

A

epicardium

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7
Q

This slippery secretion of the pericardial cells, known as ______, reduces friction between the layers of the serous pericardium as the heart moves.

A

pericardial fluid

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8
Q

The space that contains the few milliliters of pericardial fluid is called the _____

A

pericardial cavity

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9
Q

Layers of the Heart Wall

A

The epicardium (external layer), the myocardium (middle layer), and the endocardium (inner layer).

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10
Q

This thin, transparent outer layer of the heart wall is composed of mesothelium.

A

Epicardium

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11
Q

responsible for the pumping action of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue.

A

Myocardium

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12
Q

It makes up approximately 95% of the heart wall.

A

Myocardium

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13
Q

It provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart

A

Endocardium

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14
Q

The two superior receiving chambers are the____, and the two inferior pumping chambers are the_____.

A

atria, ventricles

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15
Q

forms the right surface of the heart and receives blood from three veins: the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

A

Right atrium

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16
Q

The right ventricle is about _____

A

4–5 mm (0.16–0.2 in.)

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17
Q

contains a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers called trabeculae carneae

A

Right ventricle

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18
Q

about the same thickness as the right atrium and forms most of the base of the heart.

A

Left atrium

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19
Q

It receives blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins

A

Left atrium

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20
Q

refers to the resemblance of the bicuspid valve to a bishop’s miter (hat), which is two-sided

A

Mitral

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21
Q

the thickest chamber of the heart, averaging 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in.), and forms the apex of the heart.

A

Left ventricle

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22
Q

the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are termed?

A

atrioventricular valves (AV)

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23
Q

In postnatal (after birth) circulation, the heart pumps blood into two closed circuits with each beat

A

systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation

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24
Q

it receives bright red oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood from the lungs.

A

Systemic circulation

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25
it receives all of the dark-red deoxygenated blood returning from the systemic circulation.
Pulmonary circulation
26
Two coronary arteries
Left and right coronary arteries
27
branch from the ascending aorta and supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium
Coronary arteries
28
the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies oxygenated blood to the walls of both ventricles
Left anterior descending (LAD)
29
contains many anastomoses that connect branches of a given coronary artery or extend between branches of different coronary arteries. They provide detours for arterial blood if a main route becomes obstructed.
Myocardium
30
The conducting system of the heart
Sino-Atrial Node (SA Node) Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) Bundle of his Purkinjie fibers
31
responsible in initiating the impulses for rhythmic heart beat (Pacemaker); elicits electrical impulses approximately 72x per minute to cause atrial contraction.
Sino-atrial node
32
generates impulses when SA Node fails to function; generates 40-50 impulses per minute.
Atrioventricular node
33
relay impulses from AV Node to the ventricles
Bundle of his
34
enable electrical impulses to spread rapidly over all parts of the ventricles
Purkinje fibers
35
Cardiac excitation normally begins in the _____
Sino-atrial node
36
The spontaneous depolarization is a____
pacemaker potential
37
This bundle is the only site where action potentials can conduct from the atria to the ventricles.
Bundle of his
38
Electrophysiologic Properties of the Heart
Automaticity Excitability Conductivity Refractories Rhythmicity
39
The ability of myocardial cells to initiate an impulse (action potential) spontaneously and repeatedly without neurohormonal control
Automaticity
40
The ability of myocardial cells to depolarize in response to stimulus or respond to electrical impulses
Excitability
41
The ability of myocardial cells to propagate an electrical impulse from its origin throughout the heart rapidly and in a coordinated fashion.
Conductivity
42
The inability of the heart to respond to a stimulus while still in a state of contraction or early recovery from a previous stimulus, thus help preserve heart rhythm
Refractoriness
43
The heart muscle will not respond to any stimulus (first part of the repolarization, during depolarization).
Absolute refractory period
44
The heart muscle slowly regains irritability (final stage of repolarization)
Relative refractory period
45
Rhythm in both the formation and conduction of impulses from the atria to the ventricles
Rhythmicity
46
Mechanical Properties of the Heart
Contractility and extensibility
47
The ability of the myocardial fibers to shorten in response to depolarization and diffusion of calcium into myocardial cells when it combines with troponin to activate contractile elements.
Contractility
48
The ability of the heart to stretch as the heart fills with blood between contractions.
Extensibility
49
What law is this “The greater the stretch of the cardiac muscle, the more forceful is the contractions and beat. However, when the muscle is overstretched, the force of contraction may decrease below normal causing circulatory failure.”
Starling’s Law of the Heart
50
refers to the succession of events that occurs with each heartbeat.
Cardiac cycle
51
Atrial systole- 0.1 sec Ventricular systole- 0.3 sec Atrial diastole- 0.7 sec Ventricular diastole- 0.5 sec
52
During_____ , deoxygenated blood passes through the open tricuspid valve from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and the oxygenated blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve.
atrial systole
53
deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body enters the right atrium and oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium.
Atrial diastole
54
Ventricular filling
a. Period of rapid ventricular filling b. Diastasis c. Period of slow ventricular filling.
55
refers to the period of time, about 0.05 sec., between the closing of the semilunar valves and the opening of the AV valves.
Isovolumetric relaxation
56
can be described as a lubb sound, is louder and a bit longer than the second sound
First sound
57
which is shorter and not as loud as the first, can be described as a dupp sound
Second sound
58
the interval of time between the start of ventricular systole and the opening of the semilunar valves.
Isovolumetric contraction phase
59
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle (or the right ventricle) into the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute.
Cardiac output
60
Three factors regulate stroke volume and ensure that the left and right ventricles pump equal volumes of blood
(1) preload, the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts (2) contractility, the forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers (3) afterload, the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur.
61
stroke volume averages_____, and heart rate is about ____.
70 mL/beat, 75 beats/min
62
These hormones affect cardiac muscle fibers in much the same way as does norepinephrine released by cardiac accelerator nerves—they increase both heart rate and contractility.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
63
Hormones that enhance cardiac contractility and increase heart rate.
Thyroid hormones
64
The two superior receiving chambers are the?
Atria
65
The two inferior pumping chambers are
Ventricles
66
encircles most of the heart and marks the external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles.
Deep coronary sulcus
67
A shallow groove on the anterior surface of the heart marks the external boundary between the right and left ventricles on the anterior aspect of the heart.
Interventricular sulcus
68
Between the right atrium and left atrium is a thin partition called
Interatrial septum
69
Blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through a valve that is called
Tricuspid valve
70
Internally, the right ventricle is separated from the left ventricle by a partition called the ____
Interventricular septum
71
The _____ is the thickest chamber of the heart, averaging 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in.), and forms the apex of the heart.
Left ventricle
72
They provide detours for arterial blood if a main route becomes obstructed.
Myocardium
73
What are the conducting system of the heart
Sino-Atrial Node Atriocentricular Node Atrioventricular Bundle Purkinje fibers
74
responsible in initiating the impulses for rhythmic heart beat (Pacemaker)
Sino-Atrial Node
75
generates impulses when SA Node fails to function; generates 40-50 impulses per minute.
Atrioventricular node
76
Tract of conducting fibers from AV Node that runs to the top of the interventricular septum; relay impulses from AV Node to the ventricles;
Atrioventricular Bundle
77
Emerge from bundle branches and pass into the fibers of the myocardium of the ventricles; enable electrical impulses to spread rapidly over all parts of the ventricles
Purkinje fibers
78
This bundle is the only site where action potentials can conduct from the atria to the ventricles.
Atrioventricular Bundle
79
During _____ deoxygenated blood passes through the open tricuspid valve from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and the oxygenated blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve
Atrial systole
80
During _____, deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body enters the right atrium and oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium
Atrial Diastole
81
It refers to the succession of events that occurs with each heartbeat.
Cardiac cycle
82
It is the interval of time between the start of ventricular systole and the opening of the semilunar valves
Isovolumetric contraction phase
83
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle (or the right ventricle) into the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute.
Cardiac output
84
1)_____ , the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts; (2)_____ , the forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers; and (3)_____, the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occu
Preload Contractility Afterload
85
is the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during each systole
Stroke volume

CN 100 (8 decks)

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