Lymphatic

Question 1

Three primary functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 1

1. draining excess interstitial fluid and returning lost plasma proteins to the bloodstream
2. transporting dietary lipids
3. carrying out immune responses.

Question 2

Lipid and lipid-soluble vitamins

Answer 2

(A, D, E, and K)

Question 3

two primary, highly specific responses:

Answer 3

1. cell-mediated
2. antibody-mediated immune responses.

Question 4

These immune responses are carried out by the T cells and B cells (agranulocytes produced by the lymphatic organs and tissues) with macrophages’ help.

Answer 4

Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses.

Question 5

lymphatic system’s main structures or components

Answer 5

lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic organs and tissues

Question 6

is referred to as the clear, pale-yellow fluid present in lymphatic tissues and transported by lymphatic vessels.

Answer 6

Lymph

Question 7

Three types of lymphatic vessels

Answer 7

1. lymphatic capillaries/ larger lymphatic vessels
2. lymph trunks
3. lymphatic ducts

Question 8

tiny vessels found in the interstitial spaces (between cells) slightly larger in diameter than blood capillaries.

Answer 8

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 9

form as lymphatic vessels exit lymph nodes in a particular region of the body.

Answer 9

Lymphatic trunks

Question 10

Five main trunks

Answer 10

lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular.

Question 11

Types of lymph trunks

Answer 11

1. Lumber trunk
2. Intestinal trunk
3. Bronchomedistinal trunk
4. Jugular trunk

Question 12

The lymph from the lymphatic trunks drains into two main channeis collectively known as

Answer 12

Lymphatic ducts

Question 13

Two lymphatic ducts

Answer 13

thoracic (left lymphatic) duct and right lymphatic duct

Question 14

receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, the left upper limb, and the entire body inferior to the ribs.

Answer 14

Thoracic lymphatic duct

Question 15

It collects lymph from the upper right side of the body.

Answer 15

Right lymphatic duct

Question 16

the thoracic duct drains lymph into venous blood at the junction of the _____ and _____

Answer 16

left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

Question 17

Formation and Circulation of Lymph

Answer 17

Blood Plasma → Interstitial Fluid: Blood plasma filters through capillary walls, forming interstitial fluid.
⬇
Excess Fluid (3L/day): Excess interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries, becoming lymph.
⬇
Lymphatic Capillaries → Lymphatic Vessels: Lymph flows from capillaries to vessels, passing through lymph nodes.
⬇
Lymph Nodes: Lymph is filtered as it circulates through nodes.
⬇
Lymphatic Trunks → Lymphatic Ducts: Lymph exits nodes via vessels, enters trunks, and drains into ducts.
⬇
Venous Blood: Lymph drains into venous blood at the internal jugular and subclavian vein junctions.

Question 18

Two pump aid in lymph flow

Answer 18

Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump

Question 19

lymphatic organs and tissues are categorized into two:

Answer 19

primary and secondary.

Question 20

_____ serve as the sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent, capable of mounting an immune response.

Answer 20

primary lymphatic organs

Question 21

In the red bone marrow (RBM) (in flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones of adults), _____ give rise to mature, immunocompetent B cells and pre-T cells, which migrate to and become immunocompetent T cells in the thymus.

Answer 21

pluripotent stem cells

Question 22

thymus gland’s _____ comprises large numbers of T cells and dispersed dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and macrophages.

Answer 22

Outer cortex

Question 23

thymus gland’s _____is consists of widely distributed, more mature T cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and macrophage

Answer 23

inner medulla

Question 24

s serve as the site for most immune responses.

Answer 24

secondary lymphatic organs and tissue

Question 25

Lymph nodes’ parenchyma is divided into:

Answer 25

Superficial cortex and deep medulla

Question 26

______ forms in response to an antigenic challenge and are sites of plasma cell and memory B cell formation.

Answer 26

Secondary lymphatic nodule

Question 27

Serves as a type of filter

Answer 27

Lymph node

Question 28

splenic parenchyma has two kinds of tissue:

Answer 28

white pulp and red pulp

Question 29

_____ contains mostly lymphocytes and macrophages arranged around branches of the splenic artery called central arteries.

Answer 29

spleen's white pulp

Question 30

_____ carry out immune functions in the white pulp, similar to lymph nodes

Answer 30

B cells and T cells

Question 31

_____ destroy blood-borne pathogens by phagocytosis.

Answer 31

spleen macrophages

Question 32

_____ consists of blood-filled venous sinuses and cords of splenic tissue called splenic (Billroth’s) cords.

Answer 32

spleen's red pulp

Question 33

_____ in the blood and interstitial fluids prevent microbial growth.

Answer 33

Antimicrobial substances

Question 34

The antimicrobial substances include:

Answer 34

1. Interferons 2. complements 3. Iron-binding proteins 4. antimicrobial proteins

Question 35

destroy infected target cells by releasing granules that contain perforin and granzymes that initiate cellular destruction by freeing the microorganisms.

Answer 35

Natural killer cells

Question 36

ingest foreign particulate matter (phagocytosis).

Answer 36

Phagocyte

Question 37

Two major types of phagocytes

Answer 37

Neutrophil and macrophages

Question 38

The ingestion of foreign matter by phagocytes (phagocytosis) involves five phases

Answer 38

1. Chemotaxis 2. Adherence 3. Ingestion 4. Digestion 5. Killing

Question 39

confines and destroys microbes and initiates tissue repair.

Answer 39

Inflammation

Question 40

is a non-specific defensive response of the body to tissue damage.

Answer 40

Inflammation

Question 41

inflammation include:

Answer 41

redness, pain, heat, and swelling.

Question 42

Some substances contribute to vasodilation, increased permeability, and other aspects of the inflammatory response. These substances include:

Answer 42

1. histamine 2. kinins 3. prostaglandins 4. leukotrienes 5. complement.

Question 43

______ is released by mast cells in connective tissue and basophils and platelets in the blood. It produces vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Answer 43

Histamine

Question 44

_____ are polypeptides formed in blood from inactive precursors .

Answer 44

Kinins

Question 45

_____, which are lipids, especially of the E series, are released by damaged cells.

Answer 45

Prostaglandins (PGs)

Question 46

Basophils and mast cells produce ____

Answer 46

leukotrienes

Question 47

_____ whose components stimulate histamine release, attract neutrophils by chemotaxis, and promote phagocytosis

Answer 47

Complement system

Question 48

The last second of defense is

Answer 48

Fever

Question 49

the body's ability to defend itself against specific invading agents such as bacteria, toxins, viruses, and foreign tissues.

Answer 49

Specific resistance or immunity

Question 50

recognized as foreign substances and provoke immune responses (production of antibodies).

Answer 50

Antigen

Question 51

two essential characteristics of antigens:

Answer 51

immunogenicity and reactivity

Question 52

refers to antigens' ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation of specific T cells, or both.

Answer 52

Immunogenicity

Question 53

the antigen's ability to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it provoked

Answer 53

Reactivity

Question 54

The self-antigens located in the plasma membranes of body cells are called_____

Answer 54

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens.

Question 55

two types of MHC antigens:

Answer 55

1. Class I MHC (MHC- I) molecules are built into all body cells' plasma membranes except RBC. In contrast 2. Class II MHC (MHC-II) molecules appear on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (a special class of cells: dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells)

Question 56

two pathways of antigen processing

Answer 56

1. processing of exogenous antigens 2. processing of endogenous antigens

Question 57

small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions

Answer 57

Cytokines

Question 58

_____ particularly effective against intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, or fungi inside cells), some cancer cells, and foreign tissue transplants. The T cells are primarily involved in this type of immunity.

Answer 58

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Question 59

works mainly against antigens present in body fluids and extracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and fungi outside the cells). This type of immunity primarily involves B cells.

Answer 59

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Question 60

Antibodies have four regions

Answer 60

Hinge, Stem, Variable, and Constant

Question 61

There are five classes of antibodies. These include immunoglobulins _ _ _ _ _

Answer 61

G, A, M, D, E

Question 62

three pathways by which complement activation occurs.

Answer 62

1. Classical pathway 2. Alternative pathway 3. Lectin pathway

Question 63

T cells' ability to recognize their own major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.

Answer 63

Self- recognition

Question 64

refers to the T cells' lack of reactivity to peptide fragments from its own proteins.

Answer 64

Self tolerance

Question 65

The _____ are situated in the ileum of the small intestines.

Answer 65

Peyer's patches

Question 66

_____ destroy infected target cells by releasing granules that contain pertorin and granzymes that initiate cellular destruction by freeing the microorganisms.

Answer 66

Natural killer (NK)cells

Question 67

_____ causes microbes' cytolysis (bursting), promote phagocytosis, and contribute to inflammation.

Answer 67

complement system

Question 68

suppress the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron.

Answer 68

Iron binding proteins

Question 69

These substances intensify the effects of histamine and kinins. _____ may also stimulate the emigration of phagocytes through capillary walls.

Answer 69

Prostaglandin

Question 70

causes microbes’ cytolysis (bursting), promote phagocytosis, and contribute to inflammation.

Answer 70

Complement system

Question 71

suppress the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron.

Answer 71

Iron binding proteins

Question 72

destroy infected target cells by releasing granules that contain perforin and granzymes that initiate cellular destruction by freeing the microorganisms.

Answer 72

Natural killer

Question 73

penetrate the node's convex surface at some points and contain valves that open toward the node's center, directing the lymph inward.

Answer 73

afferent lymphatic vessels

Question 74

They contain valves that open away from the lymph node's center to convey lymph, antibodies secreted by plasma cells, and activated T cells out of the node.

Answer 74

Efferent lymphatic vessels

Question 75

refers to the chemically stimulated movement of the phagocytes to the site of damage.

Answer 75

Chemotaxis

Question 76

attachment of the phagocyte to the microbe or other foreign material.

Answer 76

Adherence

Question 77

occurs when the plasma membrane of the phagocyte extend projections (pseudopods) that engulf the microbe.

Answer 77

Ingestion

Question 78

ensues when the phagosome enters the cytoplasm and unites with a lysosome to form a single, larger structure (phagolysosome).

Answer 78

Digestion

Question 79

_____ many microbes results from lysozyme's chemical attack, digestive enzymes, and oxidants within a phagolysosome.

Answer 79

Killing

Question 80

Inflammation involves three primary stages:

Answer 80

(a) vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels (b) emigration (movement) of phagocytes from the blood into the interstitial fluid (c) tissue repair

Question 81

produces vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Answer 81

Histamine

Question 82

A large antigen has small parts that can trigger the immune response.

Answer 82

epitopes (antigenic determinants)

Question 83

The processing of exogenous antigens by APCS Involves ____ steps:

Answer 83

7 steps 1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Synthesis 4. Packaging 5. Fusion 6. Binding 7. Insertion

Question 84

The processing of endogenous antigens (Figure 4) involves ____ steps:

Answer 84

5 steps 1.digestion 2. Synthesis 3. Binding 4. Packaging 5. Insertion

Question 85

Three main types of cells

Answer 85

Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells Memory T cells

Question 86

Function in eliminating invaders

Answer 86

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 87

one of the immune responses carried out by cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells.

Answer 87

immunological surveillance

Question 88

the most abundant. It protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing neutralizing toxins, and triggering the complement system.

Answer 88

IgG

Question 89

found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and GIT secretions. It provides localized protection on mucous membranes against bacteria and viruses.

Answer 89

IgA

Question 90

constitutes about 5-10% of all antibodies in the blood, also found in the lymph. It activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes.

Answer 90

IgM

Question 91

mainly found on B cells' surfaces as antigen receptors, where it occurs as monomers. It is involved in the activation of B cells.

Answer 91

IgD

Question 92

comprises less than 0.1% of all antibodies in the blood and occurs as monomers. It is involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions and protects the body against parasitic worms.

Answer 92

IgE

Question 93

This ability is due to the presence of long-lasting antibodies and very long-lived lymphocytes that arise during proliferation and differentiation of antigen-stimulated B cells and T cells.

Answer 93

immunological memory.