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HAE - Quiz 3 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Coronary Sulcus

A
  • groove on the external surface of the heart that marks the position of the interatrial septum
  • conveys coronary vessels
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2
Q

Interventricular Sulcus

A
  • groove on the external surface of the heart that marks the position of the interventricular septum
  • conveys coronary vessels
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3
Q

Interatrial Septum

A
  • internal partition between the right and left atria
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4
Q

Interventricular Septum

A
  • internal partition between the right and left ventricles
  • primarily made up of muscle with small area of membrane
  • defects often located in membranous part of septum
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5
Q

Crista Terminalis

A
  • a ridge that separates the smooth part (der. sinus venosus) from the rough part (der. primitive atrium) of the right atrium
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6
Q

Pectinate Muscles

A
  • comb-like muscular ridges found on the wall of part of the right atrium and within the left auricle
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7
Q

Fossa Ovalis

A
  • an oval-shaped depression on the interatrial septum of the right atrium that marks the location of the foramen ovale that was present in the fetus
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8
Q

Valve of Foramen Ovale

A
  • piece of tissue on the interatrial septum of the left atrium that is a remnant of the primitive interatrial septum in the embryo - septum primum
  • valve typically completely fused with interatrial wall (although occasionally incomplete fusion causing a small opening in the interatrial septum)
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9
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A
  • valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
  • aka Right Atrioventricular Valve
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10
Q

Pulmonary (Semilunar) Valve

A
  • valve between the conus arteriosus and the pulmonary trunk
  • consists of three cup-like cusps that have a central thickening called a nodule that is imp for valve closure
  • passively opened by blood flow during systole
  • during diastole, blood falls back down outflow tract and collects in sinuses of semilunar valve, causing nodules to meet and form an inverted pyramid - prevents cusps from descending further and keeps valve closed
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11
Q

Trabeculae Carnea

A
  • muscular bundles on the walls of the ventricles
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12
Q

Papillary Muscles

A
  • muscles attached to the atrioventricular valve cusps via chordae tendinae
  • function to hold valve closed during systole preventing the valve cusps from flapping back into atria
  • DO NOT contract to open the valve
  • i.e. opening is passive, closing is active*
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13
Q

Moderator Band

A
  • band of muscle containing conductive tissue connecting the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscle and the anterior wall of the right ventrical
  • aka Septomarginal Trabecula
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14
Q

Conus Arteriosis

A
  • the smooth outflow tract of the right ventricle leading to the pulmonary valve
  • aka infundibulum
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15
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A
  • aka Mitral Valve
  • valve in the heart between the LA and LV
  • aka Left Atrioventricular Valve
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16
Q

Aortic Valve

A
  • aka Semilunar Valve
  • the valve in the heart bw the LV and aorta
  • has three cusps with a central nodule on each

**- opening for coronary arteries within two cusps

  • passively opened by blood flow during systole
  • passively closes during diastole (blood flowing back fills cusps and causes closure)
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17
Q

Auricles

A
  • small ear-shaped appendages attached to the atria
  • developmental remnants of primitive atria (no function)
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18
Q

Grooves on the external heart

A
  • Coronary Sulcus - between the atria and ventricles
  • Interventricular Sulcus - between the ventricles
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19
Q

Right Atrium

A

Receives blood from: SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus

Features:

  • Crista terminalis
  • Pectinate muscles
  • Fossa ovalis
  • Openings for SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus
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20
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Receives blood from: RA through tricuspid valve

Features:

  • Trabeculae carneae
  • Papillary muscles
  • Chordae tendineae
  • Septomarginal Trabecula (moderator band)
  • Conus arteriosis (infundibulum)
  • Pulmonary (semilunar) valve
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21
Q

Left Atrium

A

Receives blood from: four pulmonary veins

Features:

  • Pectinate muscles
  • Valve of the Foramen Ovale
  • Openings of the four Pulmonary Veins
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22
Q

Left Ventricle

A

Receives blood from: RA through the mitral valve

Features:

  • Trabeculae carneae
  • Chordae tendineae
  • Papillary muscles
  • Aortic (semilunar) valve
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23
Q

Coronary Arteries

A
  • two openings in the aorta within cusps of the aortic semilunar valve
  • blood flows into the arteries when blood flows back into the sinuses of the cusps (i.e. during diastole)
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24
Q

Heart Shape

A
  • cone

Base: posterior, superior, right

  • LA, small part of RA, prosimal parts of great veins (SVC, IVC, pulmonary veins)

Apex: anteroinferior, left

  • LV
  • lies deep to the 5th intercostal space
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25
**Anterior (Sternocostal) Surface**
- portion of the heart facing anteriorly (posterior to sternum and costal cartilage) - _RV_
26
**Posterior Surface**
- base of the heart - _LA, (part of RA attached to SVC and IVC)_
27
**Right (Pulmonary) Surface**
- _RA_ - in contact with R lung
28
Left (pulmonary) surface
- _LV, L auricle_ - in contact with left lung
29
**Inferior (diaphragmatic) Surface**
- _RV, LV_ - in contact with the diaphragm
30
**Right Border**
- RA - SVC - IVC
31
**Left Border**
- LV - Aortic Arch - Left auricle
32
**Inferior Border**
- RV, LV - border bw sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces
33
**Apex**
- located at 5th intercostal space - located at midclavicular line - LV
34
**Blood Flow**
IVC & SVC & Coronary Sinus → RA → Tricuspic Valve → RV → Infundibulum → Pulmonary Semilunar Valve → Pulmonary Trunk → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins (4) → Left Atria → Mitral Valve → Left Ventrical → Aortic Semilunar Valve → Aorta → Body during systole, Coronary Arteries during diastole
35
**Diastole & Systole**
Diastole - ventricular relaxation (filling) Systole - ventricular contraction (emptying)
36
Location of coronary arteries, veins, and branches
- in the grooves of the heart - **Coronary Sulcus** and **Interventricular Sulcus**
37
**Coronary Arteries**
- two - branch from the ascending aorta **Right Coronary Artery** - travels in coronary sulcus **Left Coronary Artery** - travels in interventricular sulcus
38
**Right Coronary Artery**
- _emerges_ from ascending aorta near tip of right auricle - _travels_ along the coronary sulcus bw the RA and RV - _Three important branches_: - **Sinoatrial Node Artery** **- Marginal Artery** **- Posterior Interventricular Artery**
39
**Left Coronary Artery**
- _emerges_ from the ascending aorta posterior to the pulmonary trunk - _bifurcates_ into two branches: - **Anterior Interventricular Artery** (aka **LAD - Left Anterior Descending)** which travels along the anterior interventricular sulcus - mainly supplies LV **- Circumflex Artery** - travels in the coronary sulcus of LH and terminates before reaching posterior interventricular sulcus
40
Pattern of Coronary Arteries
- small anastomoses, but not sufficient to nourish tissue if a major branch occluded
41
**Widow Maker**
- LAD from Left Coronary Artery (Anterior Interventricular Artery)
42
**Cardiac Veins**
- venous blood from heart tissue travels to the **Coronary Sinus**
43
**Coronary Sinus**
- where most cardiac veins terminate - delivers blood to RA - sac-like structure on posterior side of the heart
44
**Great Cardiac Vein**
- originates near the apex of the heart - travels along the _LAD_ in the _anterior interventricular sulcus_ → enters _cardiac sulcus_ and travels with _circumflex artery_ to posterior side of heart → merges with coronary sinus
45
**Middle Cardiac Vein**
- travels in _posterior interventricular sulcus_ with _posterior interventricular artery_ → terminates in _coronary sinus_
46
**Small Cardiac Vein**
- travels with _marginal branch_ of right coronary artery → enters coronary sinus near the IVC
47
**Anterior Cardiac Veins**
- small veins that transmit blood from the LV directly to the RA (i.e. not via the coronary sinus)
48
**Cardiac Conduction System**
- consists of specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses SA Node → AV Node → AV Bundle (of His) → AV Bundle Branches → Purkinje Fibers
49
**Cardiac Conducting Cells Blood Supply**
_SA Node & AV Node_ - Right Coronary Artery (SA Nodal Artery and Atrioventricular Nodal Artery) _AV Bundle and Branches_ - Left Coronary Artery (Anterior Interventricular Artery)
50
**Cardiac Plexus**
- surrounds the aortic arch and the anterior surface of the tracheal bifurcation - _Efferent_ branches supply the heart - _Afferent_ neurons from the heart to the CNS
51
**Sympathetic Innervation of the Heart**
**Cardiac Nerves** _Functions_ - increase HR, increase contractility _Preganglionic Neurons_ Cell body originates ***lateral horn*** in **T1-T5** of spinal cord → axons **enter sympathetic chain** → travel up to cervical region (due to dev't) or stay in thoracic region → ***synapse in cervical ganglia or thoracic ganglia*** (depending on where traveled) _Postganglionic Neurons_ Leave sympathetic chain as _cardiac nerves_ → enter cardiac plexus → travel to heart
52
**Parasympathetic Innervation of the Heart**
**Vagus Nerve** (CX - cranial nerve) _Function_: decrease HR _Preganglionic Neurons_ Cell bodies in ***brainstem*** → axons travel in vagus nerves to the thorax → vagus nerve gives off cardiac branches → enter cardiac plexus → Synapse with postganglionic parasympathetic neurons _Postganglionic neurons_ Ganglia located in cardiac plexus or on the wall of the heart
53
**Visceral Afferent Neurons of the Heart**
_Location_ - in the cardiac plexus _Purpose_: pain and reflex response 1. carry ***pain*** sensations from the heart (pain often from ischemia); _Travel_: with sympathetic ***cardiac nerves*** 2. carry ***reflex*** from the heart (BP changes and chemical content of blood); _Travel_: with the cardiac branches of the ***vagus nerves***
54
**Referred Pain**
- pain from the heart often felt in skin of the chest and left arm - brain misinterpret the source of afferent neurons because enter the spinal cord together
55
**Heart Block**
- desynchronization of contraction of the atria with respect to the ventricles
56
**Atrioventricular Valves**
- Tricuspid and Mitral Valves - Close due to papillary muscle contraction
57
**Semilunar Valves**
- Pulmonary Valve and Aortic Valve - Close due to diastole - blood flow back from arteries collects in cusps and causes valves to close
58
**Pulmonary Veins**
- drain blood into LA
59
**Circumflex Artery**
- from Left Coronary Artery - follows coronary sulcus to posterior side of heart
60
**Posterior Interventricular Artery**
- from Right Coronary Artery - follows coronary Sulcus around to posterior of heart then goes down interventricular sulcus

HAE - Quiz 3 (2 decks)

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