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Heart Flashcards

1
Q

This is the DOUBLE WALLED SAC that COVERS the HEART.

A

Pericardium

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2
Q

This is the LOOSE and SUPERFICIAL tissue that PROTECTS, ANCHORS and prevents the heart from over filling.

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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3
Q

What are the TWO (2) LAYERS of the SEROUS MEMBRANE of the heart?

A
  1. Parietal Pericardium

2. Visceral Pericardium

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4
Q

This LAYER of the SEROUS MEMBRANE of the heat LINES the inner surface of the FIBROUS PERICARDIUM.

A

Parietal Pericardium

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5
Q

This LAYER of the SEROUS MEMBRANE of the heart is also known as the EPICARDIUM.

A

Visceral Pericardium

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6
Q

This condition is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the PERICARDIUM causing a CREAKING sound.

A

Pericarditis

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7
Q

The CREAKING SOUND caused by PERICARDITIS is called __________.

A

Pericardial Friction Rub

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8
Q

This condition occurs when large amounts of INFLATIONARY FLUID FILLS the PERICARDIAL CAVITY compressing the heart.

A

Cardiac Tamponade

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9
Q

What are the THREE (3) LAYERS of the HEART WALL?

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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10
Q

List FOUR (4) characteristics of the CARDIAC SKELETON.

A
  1. FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE between ATRIA and VENTRICLES
  2. FIBROUS RINGS around valves to SUPPORT
  3. ELECTRICAL INSULATION
  4. Site for MUSCLE ATTACHMENT
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11
Q

Where are the AURICLES located?

A

On the Atria

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12
Q

What do the AURICLES of the heart do?

A

Somewhat Increase Atrial Volume

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13
Q

These are BUNDLES of MUSCLE FIBERS in the ATRIA that form RIDGES.

A

Pectinate Mucles

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14
Q

This is the CLOSED structure where the fetal FORAMEN OVALE used to be.

A

Fossa Ovalis

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15
Q

These are the IRREGULAR RIDGES of MUSCLE that mark the INTERNAL WALLS of the VENTRICLES.

A

Trabecular Carneae

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16
Q

These structures PREVENT the PROLAPSE of AV VALVES.

A

Cordae Tendineae

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17
Q

These MUSCLES ATTACH to the CHORDAE TENDINEAE of the AV valves.

A

Papillary Muscles

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18
Q

This HEART VALVE condition is characterized by the RE-PUMPING of the SAME BLOOD over and over.

A

Incompetent Valve

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19
Q

This HEART VALVE condition is characterized by STIFF VALVE due to CALCIFICATION and SCAR TISSUE.

A

Valvular Stenosis

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20
Q

This HEART VALVE condition is characterized by ABNORMAL HEART SOUNDS.

A

Murmurs

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21
Q

This is the cause of a HEART MURMUR that makes a SWISHING SOUND.

A

Regurgitation

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22
Q

This is the cause of a HEART MURMUR that makes a HIGH PITCHED or slick SOUND.

A

Stenosis

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23
Q

TRUE or FALSE: blood in the heart chambers nourish the myocardium.

A

FALSE,

Blood in the heart chambers DO NOT NOURISH the MYOCARDIUM

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24
Q

These CADIAC VESSELS branch FROM the AORTA to SUPPLY the HEART MUSCLE with OXYGENATED blood.

A

Coronary Arteries

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25
These CARDIAC VESSELS DRAIN the MYOCARDIUM of blood.
Cardiac Veins
26
This CARDIAC VESSEL is a LARGE VEIN on the POSTERIOR of the HEART that RECEIVES blood from the CARDIAC VEINS.
Coronary Sinus
27
Where does blood go from the CORONARY SINUS?
Into the Right Atrium
28
Where is the HEART LOCATED?
The Inferior Mediastinum
29
Where is the CIRCUMFLEX BRANCH LOCATED?
In the Left Coronary Sulcus
30
What TWO (2) parts of the heart does the CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY SUPPLY BLOOD to?
1. Left Atrium | 2. Left Ventricle
31
What are the TWO (2) branches of the LEFT CORONARY ARTERY?
1. Circumflex | 2. Anterior Interventricular
32
What part of the heart does the ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR ARTERY SUPPLY BLOOD to?
Both Ventricles
33
What are the TWO (2) BRANCHES of the RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY.
1. Marginal | 2. Posterior Interventricular
34
Where is the MARGINAL ARTERY LOCATED?
In Right Coronary Sulcus
35
What part of the heart does the MARGINAL ARTERY SUPPLY BLOOD to?
Right Ventricle
36
What part of the heart does the POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR ARTERY SUPPLY BLOOD to?
Both Ventricles
37
TRUE or FALSE: coronary veins collect wastes from the cardiac muscle.
TRUE
38
This heart condition is characterized by THORACIC PAIN due to ISCHEMIA of MYOCARDIUM.
Angina Pectoris
39
This heart condition is characterized by CARDIAC cell DEATH due to PROLONGED ISCHEMIA.
Myocardial Infarction
40
TRUE or FALSE: myocardial cells contain 1-2 centrally located nuclei.
TRUE
41
These provide specialized CELL TO CELL CONTACT in the the MYOCARDIUM.
Intercalated Disks
42
What HOLDS the CARDIAC CELLS TOGETHER?
Desmosomes
43
These allow ACTION POTENTIALS to move from CELL TO CELL.
Gap Junctions
44
The MITOCHONDRIA of the CARDIAC CELLS make up ____ to ____% of their VOLUME.
25-35%
45
This term is used for when GAP JUNCTIONS ELECTRICALLY COUPLE cardiac cells causing the MYOCARDIUM to behave as a SINGLE UNIT.
Functional Syncytium
46
T-TUBULES ENTER cardiac cells ONCE per sarcomere at the __________.
Z-Disk
47
Is the NODAL SYSTEM apart of the INTRINSIC or EXTRINSIC conduction system?
Intrinsic
48
What phase of ACTION POTENTIAL in the heart is characterized by SODIUM CHANNELS still OPEN or INACTIVATED.
Absolute Refractory Period
49
What does ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD PREVENT in the heart?
Tetanus Contractions
50
During this phase of ACTION POTENTIAL EXCITATION SPREADS through the GAP JUNCTIONS.
Depolarization
51
CARDIAC cell RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL is ____mv.
-90mv
52
How long is the PLATEAU PHASE?
250 msec
53
This is the term for IRREGULAR HEARTBEATS.
Arrhythmias
54
Ischemic hypoxic myocardial cells produce __________.
Lactic Acid
55
How does LACTIC ACID DAMAGE MITOCHONDRIA in cardiac cells.
By INCREASING ACIDITY and RAISING intracellular CALCIUM.
56
This is the heat's PACEMAKER.
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
57
Where is the AV NODE LOCATED?
At the JUNCTION of the ATRIA and VENTRICLES
58
Where are the BUNDLE BRANCHES LOCATED?
Interventricular Septum
59
Where are the PERKINJE FIBERS LOCATED?
Spread within the VENTRICLE WALL
60
The AV BUNDLE is also known as __________.
The Bundle of His
61
Where is the AV BUNDLE (Bundle of His) LOCATED?
Interventricular Septum
62
How many BEATS PER MINUTE does the INTRINSIC CONDUCTION SYSTEM enforce?
75 bpm
63
TRUE or FALSE: the intrinsic conduction system relies on the nervous system.
FALSE, The intrinsic conduction system DOES NOT rely on the nervous system.
64
The INTRINSIC CONDUCTION system CONSISTS of what kind of CARDIAC CELLS?
Noncontractile
65
What are NONCONTRACTILE cardiac cells SPECIALIZED to do?
INITIATE and DISTRIBUTE IMPULSES throughout the heart for orderly SEQUENTIAL CONTRACTION.
66
This is the UNSTABLE RESTING POTENTIAL that DRIFTS slowly TOWARD THRESHOLD.
Pacemaker Potential
67
How many MILLIVOLTS is PACEMAKER POTENTIAL?
-40mV
68
Open __________ CHANNELS cause DEPOLARIZATION in PACEMAKER POTENTIAL.
Calcium
69
This is an IRREGULAR HEART RHYTHM.
Arrhythmia
70
UNCOORDINATED atrial or ventricular CONTRACTIONS (SQUIRMING BAG OF WORMS).
Fibrillation
71
When the SA NODE FAILS and the AV NODE takes over.
Ectopic Focus
72
How many BPM is JUNCTIONAL RHYTHM?
40-60 bpm
73
This occurs when DAMAGED AV NODE RELEASES VENTRICLES from control of the SA node.
Heart Block
74
What is the RESULT of a HEART BLOCK?
Slower Heart Rate | Artificial Pacemaker Recouples
75
This what are the TWO (2) CARDIAC CENTERS in the MEDULLA?
1. Cardio-acceleratory Center 2. Cardio-inhibitory Center **SEE CH. 18 ppt. SLIDE 50**
76
This is a RECORDING of the ELECTRICAL CHANGES that accompany each CARDIAC CYCLE.
Electrocardiogram
77
This part of an EKG represents ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION.
P Wave
78
This part of an EKG represents CONDUCTION TIME from ATRIAL to VENTRICULAR EXCITATION.
P to R Interval
79
This part of an EKG represents VENTRICULAR EXCITATION.
QRS Complex
80
This part of an EKG represents VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES in PLATEAU PHASE.
S-T Segment
81
This part of an EKG represents the BEGINNING of VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION.
Q-T Interval
82
This part of an EKG represents VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION.
T Wave
83
What does an ENLARGED R WAVE mean on an EGK?
Enlarged Ventricles
84
What does a RAISED or DEPRESSED S-T SEGMENT mean on an EKG?
Cardiac Ischemia
85
What does a PROLONGED Q-T INTERVAL mean on an EKG?
Repolarization Abnormality **increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias**
86
This is the AMOUNT of BLOOD PUMPED by EACH SIDE of the heart in ONE MINUTE.
Cardiac Output
87
This is the DIFFERENCE between RESTING and MAXIMUM CARDIAC OUTPUT.
Cardiac Reserve
88
This is the VOLUME of BLOOD PUMPED by EACH VENTRICLE in ONE CONTRACTION.
Stroke Volume
89
What is the EQUATION used to calculate STROKE VOLUME?
SV= End Diastolic Vol - End Systolic Vol
90
How many mL of blood in END DIASTOLIC VOLUME?
130mL
91
How many mL of blood in END SYSTOLIC VOLUME?
60mL
92
The MORE the CARDIAC MUSCLE is STRETCHED the STRONGER tge CONTRACTION.
Startling's Law of the Heart
93
What is a NORMAL EJECTION FRACTION?
50-65%
94
What is an ABNORMAL EJECTION FRACTION?
95
POSITIVE CHRONOTROPHIC __________ the heart rate.
Increases
96
NEGATIVE CHRONOTROPHIC __________ the heart rate.
Decreases
97
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE DEPRESSES the HEART
Hypocalcemia
98
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE INCREASES HEART RATE and CONTRACTILITY to a point.
Hypercalcemia
99
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE DEPOLARIZES RESTING POTENTIAL and leads to HEART BLOCK and CARDIAC ARREST.
Hyperkalemia
100
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE causes ARRHYTHMIA and a WEAKENED HEART BEAT.
Hypokalemia
101
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE is a HEART RATE > 100 BPM at REST.
Tachycardia
102
List FIVE (5) causes of TACHYCARDIA.
1. Fever 2. Stress 3. Certain Drugs 4. Hyperthyroidism 5. Heart Disease
103
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE is characterized by a HEART RATE
Bradycardia
104
List TWO (2) causes of BRADYCARDIA.
1. Hypothermia | 2. Certain Drugs
105
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE is characterized by INADEQUATE BLOOD CIRCULATION to meet TISSUE DEMANDS.
Congestive Heart Failure
106
What are SIX (6) CONTRIBUTORS of CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE?
1. Coronary Atherosclerosis 2. Persistent High Blood Pressure 3. Multiple MI 4. Dilated Cardiomyopathy 5. Left Heart Failure 6. Right Heart Failure
107
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE is characterized by FATTY BUILD UP in CORONARY ARTERIES and leads to ISCHEMIA and HYPOXIA.
Coronary Atherosclerosis
108
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE INCREASES AFTERLOAD.
Persistent High Blood Pressure
109
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE causes SCAR TISSUE to build up.
Multiple MI
110
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE causes VENTRICLES to become STRETCHED and FLABBY.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
111
List FOUR (4) causes of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY.
1. Alcoholism 2. Cocaine 3. Certain Medications 4. Infection
112
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE causes PULMONARY EDEMA.
Left Heart Failure
113
This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE causes PERIPHERAL EDEMA.
Right Heart Failure

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