heart and mediastinum

Question 1

sytole

Answer 1

contraction of ventricles

Question 2

diastole

Answer 2

relaxation of ventricles

Question 3

pulmonary circulation pressure and distance

Answer 3

low and short

Question 4

systemic circulation pressure and distance

Answer 4

high and long

Question 5

origin of systemic circulation

Answer 5

left ventricle

Question 6

termination of systemic circulation

Answer 6

right atrium

Question 7

origin of pulmonary circulation

Answer 7

right ventricle

Question 8

termination of pulmonary circulation

Answer 8

left atrium

Question 9

thoracic cage composed of __

Answer 9

ribs, costal cartilage, sternum, thoracic vertebrae

Question 10

regions of the thoracic cavity

Answer 10

right pleural cavity, mediastinum, left pleural cavity

Question 11

mediastinum contains __

Answer 11

all thoracic structures except the lungs

Question 12

how is the mediastinum so mobile

Answer 12

consists of hallow visceral structures joined by loose connective tissue

Question 13

sternal angle

Answer 13

joint between the manubrium (top) and the body oil the sternum

Question 14

thorax plane is at what level in the vertebrae

Answer 14

between T 4 and 5

Question 15

mediastinum sub sections

Answer 15

superior and inferior (anterior, middle, posterior)

Question 16

superior mediastinum contains __

Answer 16

oesophagus, trachea, neurovasculature

Question 17

anterior mediastinum contains __

Answer 17

fat and the thymus

Question 18

middle mediastinum contains __

Answer 18

heart and pericardium

Question 19

posterior mediastinum contains __

Answer 19

descending aorta and branches, oesophagus, thoracic duct, Sympathetic chains

Question 20

Azygos system of veins

Answer 20

drains the posterior thoracic wall

Question 21

thoracic duct

Answer 21

main lymphatic vessel for return of lymph to systemic venous system,

Question 22

thymus

Answer 22

T cell producing lymphoid organ

Question 23

phrenic nerve

Answer 23

paired nerve, one left one right, supplies the diagphram

Question 24

vagus nerve

Answer 24

paired nerve one left one right, parasympathetic input to the gastrointestinal system and to the heart

Question 25

pericardium

Answer 25

membrane covering the heart (middle mediastinum)

Question 26

pericardial layers

Answer 26

outer fibrous, inner thin serous

Question 27

fibrous pericardium

Answer 27

Blended inferiorly with central tendon of diaphragm, rigid,

Question 28

serous pericardium

Answer 28

Contained within the fibrous pericardial sac, double layer, Analogous to pleural membrane (respiratory)

Question 29

2 layers of the serous pericardium

Answer 29

visceral (inner), parietal (outer)

Question 30

pericardium functions

Answer 30

protect from infection, limits the hearts motion, lubrication, prevents rapid overfilling of the heart

Question 31

superior vena cava

Answer 31

right - de-oxygenated blood to the right atrium from the systemic circulation superior to the heart

Question 32

inferior vena cava

Answer 32

right - brings de-oxygenated blood to the right atrium from the systemic circulation inferior to the hear

Question 33

pulmonary trunk (arteries)

Answer 33

right - exits the right ventricle, taking deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Question 34

pulmonary veins

Answer 34

left - enter the left atrium on the posterior aspect of the heart, carrying oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation.

Question 35

aorta

Answer 35

left - carries high pressure, oxygenated blood to the body in the systemic circulation

Question 36

base of the heart is directed towards which vertebrae

Answer 36

T6-9

Question 37

apex of the heart

Answer 37

Antero-inferiorly, forwards and down

Question 38

anterior surface formed mostly from __

Answer 38

right ventricle

Question 39

inferior surface formed mostly from __

Answer 39

left ventricle

Question 40

3 layers that make up the wall of the heart

Answer 40

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 41

epicardium

Answer 41

layer of connective tissue, protecting layer

Question 42

myocardium

Answer 42

muscular component of the wall, myocytes and cardiac muscle cells

Question 43

endocardium

Answer 43

epithelium and connective tissue, covers the valves

Question 44

cardiac muscle

Answer 44

striated, not under voluntary control, rules on sliding filament mechanism, branched fibre network

Question 45

what does functional syncytium mean

Answer 45

one stimulus can contract the whole myocardium

Question 46

intercalated discs

Answer 46

separate sarcoplasms of adjacent muscle cells, action via desmosomes, allow excitation to pass via gap junctions

Question 47

fibrous skeleton

Answer 47

cardiac muscle anchored to this more structural support, dense collagen, four fibrous rings around the valves

Question 48

purpose of the fibrous skeleton

Answer 48

prevent valves collapsing, provides base for attachment form leaflets and cusps of valves, electrical barrier between atria and ventricles

Question 49

what separates the chambers

Answer 49

interatrial/interventricular septum

Question 50

right atrium fills with __

Answer 50

de-oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation

Question 51

left atrium fills with __

Answer 51

oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation