heart and neck

Question 1

what is the role of the valves in the heart

Answer 1

stop the backflow of blood into the different cavities

Question 2

what is S1

Answer 2

( Lub )first heart sound as a result of closure of the AV valves (mitral & tricuspid) .It is heard best in the apex of the heart.

Question 3

what is S2

Answer 3

(Dub)second heart sound as a result of closure of semilunar valves(aortic & pulmonic).It is heard best in the base of the heart.

Question 4

what valves are closed in dystole and systole ?

Answer 4

systole - tricuspid and mitral, dystole- pulmonic and aortic

Question 5

what is S3

Answer 5

extra heart sound at the end that is common in pregnant women, and young adults and children

don’t need to know anything about S4

Question 6

what is a murmur ?

Answer 6

Blood circulating through normal cardiac chambers and valves usually makes no noise, However, some conditions create turbulent blood flow
- A murmur is a gentle, blowing, swooshing sound that can be heard on chest wall

Question 7

rheumatic fever

Answer 7

the reason why we treat strepp throat, will damage heart valves, leads to mitral valve prolapse/ regurgitation, stroke volume will be very inefficient, and can lead to pulmonary edema

Question 8

sign of pulmonary edema

Answer 8

pink/ frothy sputum

Question 9

what is tricuspid stenosis

Answer 9

stiff valve

Question 10

what will a replacement valve sound like

Answer 10

there will be a clicking sound

Question 11

true or false: all dyastolic murmurs are bad

Answer 11

True : all dyastolic murmurs are bad

Question 12

SA node

Answer 12

sets the tempo to keep everyone organized in the heart

Question 13

AV node

Answer 13

Relay station of the electrical impulse in the heart

Question 14

left and right bundle branch

Answer 14

av node sends signals to the bundle branches

Question 15

purkinje fibers

Question 16

starts at the av node

Answer 16

it is considered a sinus rhythm

Question 17

reasons of the SA node going out

Answer 17

often results from old age , which is why we need a pace maker,
uncontrolled hypertension can damage it if SA node goes out, the AV node has to take over will beat at a 40- 60 bpm , considered a junctional rhythm

Question 18

what is A fib ?

Answer 18

when both the AV and the SA nodes go out

Question 19

what is ventricualr escape

Answer 19

20- 40 bpm

Question 20

if you dont habe any volume

Answer 20

you cant have a pulse

Question 21

if you can see electrial activity, doesnt mean that the heart is ok

Question 22

what is the P wave

Answer 22

Sa node fires Atrial depolarization; conduction of impulse throughout the atri ( going down throught eh heart, upward curve on chart . Sinus rhythm when you see upright P wave

Question 23

will a junctional rhytm have a p wave

Answer 23

no there will be no p wave

Question 24

QRS complex

Answer 24

message gets send to purkinje fibers, widened QRS complex, the transmission is not good( commonly seen in a heart attack ), if it is really wide, will be a ventricular rhythm( wide QRS and no P wave)

Question 25

dangerous area for heart

Answer 25

from R to T, increase the amount of time that the heart can become disorganized and out of whack

Question 26

what will show up in a heart attack

Answer 26

elevated S T

Question 27

what is afterload ?

Answer 27

The dyastolic blood pressure , total peripheral resistance, cardiac output will go down if dyastole is high

Question 28

what is preload?

Answer 28

venous return that builds during diastole. Length to which ventricular muscle stretched at end of diastole just before contraction

Question 29

rapid ventricular response

Question 30

hole in the heart of fetus

Answer 30

a fetus will recieve both deoxygenated and o2 blood due to hole in heart, when baby is born, the hole will eventually close but they will have a murmur. A murmur in a new born is normal. you will here swishing

Question 31

what is pulse pressure

Answer 31

difference between systolic and dyastolic as we age, pulse pressure increases due to stiffening vessels

Question 32

do you have a cough, shortness of breath, chest pain

Answer 32

will cover both cardio and lungs

Question 33

subjective history questions

Answer 33

Nocturia Cyanosis or pallor Orthopnea

Question 34

questions to ask about edema

Answer 34

Onset: When did you first notice this? Any recent change? What time of day does the swelling occur? Do your shoes feel tight at the end of day? How much swelling would you say there is? Are both legs equally swollen? Does swelling go away with rest, elevation, or after a night’s sleep? Do you have any associated symptoms, such as shortness of breath? If so, does shortness of breath occur before leg swelling or after?

Question 35

why is alchol a problem ?

Answer 35

because it is a vasoconstricter

Question 36

cardiac risk factors

Answer 36

alcohol, exercise, drugs, nutrition ( obesity ), smoking

Question 37

From jugular veins you can assess

Answer 37

central venous pressure (CVP) and judge heart’s efficiency as a pump Position person supine anywhere from a 30- to a 45-degree angle, wherever you can best see pulsations

Question 38

All people enjoy taking medications

Answer 38

aortic valve , pulmonary valve, erb( can hear everything at once), tricuspid valve, mitral valve

Question 39

peripheral arteial disease and venous disease differences (

Answer 39

venous, ache not usually painful, heavienss, venous insufficiency , will cause a. arterial, decrease o2 to feet, will be painful. vericose veins ,

Question 40

mid systolic click

Answer 40

happens during systole , and is associated with a mitral valve prolapse

Question 41

spots to listen to for heart sounds ( valves specifically)

Answer 41

Second right intercostal space: aortic valve area Second left intercostal space: pulmonic valve area Fourth intercostal space Left sternal border: tricuspid valve area Fifth interspace at around left midclavicular line: mitral valve area

Question 42

carotid artery

Answer 42

used to assess pulse and wave form

Question 43

why do we listen to carotid first before palpating ?

Answer 43

palpating because palpation may increase or slow HR

Question 44

abnormal findings of the carotid artery

Answer 44

blowing& swishing sound on auscultation caused by turbulent blood flow due to narrowed vessel

Question 45

bounding pulse is a sign of

Answer 45

increased CO

Question 46

decreased pulse is a sign of

Answer 46

decreased CO