neurological

Question 1

CNS includes

Answer 1

Central nervous system (CNS), which includes brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

which includes all nerve fibers outside brain and spinal cord, Includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and all their branches

Carries sensory (afferent) messages to CNS from sensory receptors

Motor (efferent) messages from CNS to muscles and glands, as well as autonomic messages that govern internal organs and blood vessels

Question 3

cerebral cortex

Answer 3

cortex is cerebrum’s outer layer of nerve cells

Question 4

Cerebral cortex is

Answer 4

center of functions governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, and voluntary

Question 5

Temporal lobe

Answer 5

primary auditory reception center,

Question 6

Parietal lobe’

Answer 6

postcentral gyrus is primary center for sensation, taste and smell

Question 7

Occipital lobe

Answer 7

visual receptor center

Question 8

Wernicke’s area

Answer 8

temporal lobe associated with language comprehension( understanding speech)

Question 9

Broca’s area

Answer 9

in frontal lobe mediates motor speech

Question 10

basal ganglia

Answer 10

Gray matter in two cerebral hemispheres that form subcortical associated motor system

Question 11

Thalamus

Answer 11

Main relay station where sensory pathways of spinal cord, cerebellum, and brainstem form synapses( traffic police organizing everything)

Question 12

Hypothalamus

Answer 12

Major respiratory center with basic function control and coordination

Question 13

Cerebellum

Answer 13

Concerned with motor coordination and muscle tone of voluntary movements

Question 14

Brainstem

Answer 14

Central core of the brain—contains midbrain, pons and medulla

Question 15

Spinal cord

Answer 15

Main pathway for ascending and descending fiber tracts that connect brain to spinal nerves( highways )

Question 16

if left side of the body has paralysis, which side will this be seen

Answer 16

Left cerebral cortex receives sensory information from and controls motor function to right side of the body.
Right cerebral cortex likewise interacts with left side of body

Question 17

upper motor neurons

Answer 17

terminate at the spinal cord

Question 18

Extrapyramidal tracts include

Answer 18

Motor nerve fibers travel to brainstem crossing to opposite, contralateral side, (pyramidal decussation) and then pass down in lateral column of spinal cord.

Question 19

Corticospinal or pyramidal tract

Answer 19

subcortical motor fibers that maintain muscle tone and control body movements, especially gross automatic movements, such as walking.

Question 20

Cerebellar system

Answer 20

Coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium and posture
Receives information on position of muscles and joints, body’s equilibrium, and kind of motor messages sent from cortex to muscles

Question 21

stroke patients we will see

Answer 21

stiff muscles

Question 22

roughting reflex

Question 23

reflex

Answer 23

: basic defense mechanisms of nervous system

Question 24

cranial nerves

Answer 24

12 pairs

Question 25

spinal nerves

Answer 25

31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from length of spinal cord and supply rest of body

Question 26

shingles

Answer 26

dermatomes , will follow a specific place and track based on which spinal nerve is involved

Question 27

saddle anesthesia

Answer 27

damage to S1and s2

Question 28

lumbar and saccral dermatomes

Question 29

Autonomic fibers innervate

Answer 29

smooth (involuntary) muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Answer 30

headache, dizziness vertigo

Question 31

neurologic recheck examination

Answer 31

on persons with demonstrated neurologic deficits who require periodic assessments.

Question 32

squueze with your hand and push and pulls

Question 33

bicep , patellatr tendon, verbalize babinski

Question 34

Myoclonus refers

Answer 34

quick, involuntary muscle jerk

Question 35

Chorea:

Answer 35

neurological disorder characterized by jerky involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips, and face

Question 36

Romberg sign

Answer 36

Demonstrates normal position sense, muscle strength, and cerebellar function Positive Romberg sign indicates loss of balance

Question 37

Gait:

Answer 37

: observe as the person walks 10 to 20 feet, turns, and returns to starting point

Question 38

Tactile discrimination

Answer 38

tests also measure discrimination ability of sensory cortex.

Question 39

Graphesthesia:

Answer 39

ability to “read” a number by having it traced on skin

Question 40

Two-point discrimination:

Answer 40

test ability to distinguish separation of two simultaneous pin points on skin

Question 41

Point location

Answer 41

touch skin and withdraw stimulus promptly; ask the person to put finger where you touched

Question 42

DTR measurement

Answer 42

Measurement of stretch reflexes reveals intactness of reflex arc at specific spinal levels Limb should be relaxed and muscle partially stretched.

Question 43

Reflex response graded on 4-point scale

Answer 43

4 = very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, indicative of disease 3 = brisker than average, may indicate disease 2 = Average, normal 1 = diminished, low normal, or occurs with reinforcement 0 = no response

Question 44

Clonus:

Answer 44

test when reflexes hyperactive Sustained clonus is associated with UMN disease.

Question 45

Cremasteric reflex

Answer 45

L1 to L2 On male, lightly stroke inner aspect of thigh with reflex hammer or tongue blade

Question 46

babinski negative

Answer 46

toes curl down ( normal ), infants have a positive babinski ( flaire their toes

Question 47

Plantar reflex

Answer 47

L4 to S2

Question 48

posturing

Question 49

adduction

Answer 49

coiming into the corre

Question 50

abduction

Answer 50

arms away from the body

Question 51

decorticate posturing

Question 52

glasgow less than 8

Answer 52

we intubate

Question 53

cogwheel

Answer 53

argument in dopamine levels

Question 54

Fasciculations

Answer 54

Rapid, continuous twitching of resting muscle

Question 55

Tic

Answer 55

Involuntary, compulsive, repetitive twitching of a muscle group)

Question 56

Athetosis

Answer 56

Slow, twisting, continuous movement, resembling a snake or worm)

Question 57

resting tremour,

Answer 57

usually parkinsons

Question 58

Intention tremor

Question 59

Spinal cord hemisection

Answer 59

Brown-Séquard syndrome Loss of pain and temperature, contralateral side, loss of vibration and position discrimination on ipsilateral side

Question 60

spinal cord injuries

Answer 60

what happens ?

Question 61

Decerebrate rigidity

Question 62

Decorticate rigidity

Answer 62

Upper extremities Flexion of arm, wrist, and fingers Adduction of arm: tight against thorax

Question 63

Kernig’s

Answer 63

In flat-lying supine position, flex thigh on abdomen and extend knee.

Question 64

Brudzinski

Answer 64

With one hand under neck and other hand on person's chest, sharply flex chin on chest and watch hips and knees.

Question 65

head and neck involved

Answer 65

meningitis