Heart/Blood Flashcards
Generated from Lectures 18-23 (224 cards)
1
Q
The organ of propulsion in the circulatory system is the _______.
A
heart
2
Q
The blood vessels responsible for the distribution of blood are the _______.
A
arteries
3
Q
_______ serve as a pressure reservoir in the circulatory system.
A
Arteries
4
Q
The transfer of materials between blood and tissues/cells occurs in the _______.
A
capillaries
5
Q
_______ are responsible for returning blood to the heart.
A
Veins
6
Q
Besides returning blood to the heart, the _______ also serve as a volume reservoir.
A
veins
7
Q
The _______ side of the heart is associated with the respiratory system.
A
right
8
Q
The _______ side of the heart is associated with the systemic circulation.
A
left
9
Q
The _______ fluid adheres to the heart and reduces friction
A
pericardial
10
Q
The smooth _______ minimizes surface friction in the heart.
A
endothelium
11
Q
_______ prevents overstretching of the heart.
A
Fibrous pericardium
12
Q
Inflammation of the pericardium is called _______.
A
pericarditis
13
Q
The _______ valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
A
mitral
14
Q
The _______ valve is also known as the bicuspid valve.
A
mitral
15
Q
Prolapse of the _______ valve can occur if there is too much blood volume.
A
mitral
16
Q
The _______ valves open and close due to differential hydrostatic pressures
A
heart
17
Q
The _______ ventricle has a thicker myocardial wall than the other ventricle.
A
left
18
Q
The _______ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
A
tricuspid
19
Q
Cardiac muscle is also known as _______.
A
myocardium
20
Q
The _______ node and atrioventricular node contain smaller myocardial fibers that are weakly contractile.
A
sinus
21
Q
The liquid portion of blood is called _____.
A
plasma
22
Q
Red blood cells contain the protein _____, which carries oxygen.
A
hemoglobin
23
Q
The hormone _____ stimulates red blood cell production.
A
erythropoietin
24
Q
Platelets release _____, which promotes blood vessel constriction.
A
thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
25
The protein _____ forms the meshwork of a blood clot.
fibrin
26
The _____ pathway of blood clotting is initiated by damage to the blood vessel wall.
extrinsic
27
Hemophilia is usually caused by a deficiency in clotting factor _____.
VIII
28
_____ is a medical condition characterized by a low red blood cell count.
Anemia
29
The _____ valve closing produces the "lub" sound of the heartbeat.
AV
30
The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole is called the _____.
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
31
The _____ is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat.
stroke volume
32
How do you calculate stroke volume?
SV = EDV - ESV
33
_____ is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
Cardiac output
34
How is cardiac output calculated?
CO = HR x SV; cardiac volume = heart rate x stroke volume
35
An increase in _____ refers to an increase in the force of contraction of the heart muscle.
contractility
36
An increase in contractility in the heart leads to a _______ stroke volume for a given preload.
greater
37
__________ is the end-diastolic ventricular pressure, which is related to the filling and stretching of the ventricle, ultimately influencing the resting length of the cardiac muscle.
Ventricular preload
38
__________ refers to the systemic arterial pressure that the ventricle must overcome to open the aortic valve and eject blood.
Ventricular afterload
39
An increase in preload leads to an increase in _____.
stroke volume
40
An increase in afterload leads to a _____ in stroke volume.
decrease
41
The _____ wave of the ECG represents atrial depolarization.
P
42
The _____ complex corresponds to ventricular depolarization.
QRS
43
The _____ interval reflects the time it takes for the electrical impulse to travel from the atria to the ventricles.
PR
44
The _____ wave represents ventricular repolarization.
T
45
The _____ segment on the ECG should be flat and represents the period when the ventricles are contracting and the heart is ejecting blood.
ST
46
The _____ is the muscular layer of the heart responsible for its pumping action.
myocardium
47
The _____ valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle, preventing backflow of blood.
mitral
48
The heart is enveloped by a protective sac called the _____, which reduces friction during heartbeats.
pericardium
49
The equation _____ describes the relationship between flow, pressure, and resistance in blood vessels, illustrating a fundamental concept in hemodynamics.
F = ΔP/R; Blood flow (F) is directly proportional to the pressure difference (ΔP) and inversely proportional to vascular resistance (R)
50
_____ are the blood vessels with the largest total cross-sectional area and the lowest flow velocity.
Capillaries
51
According to Poiseuille’s Law, blood vessel resistance is inversely proportional to _____ to the fourth power.
inner radius
52
An increase in _____ refers to an increase in the volume of blood returned to the heart via the venous system.
venous return
53
The _____ pressure is typically very low, close to 0 mm Hg.
venous
54
The _____ are the blood vessels primarily responsible for regulating resistance to blood flow.
arterioles
55
_____ is the relationship between the change in volume and the change in pressure within a blood vessel, reflecting the vessel's ability to stretch and accommodate changes in blood volume.
Compliance
56
The equation to calculate compliance is ________.
Compliance = ΔV / ΔP
57
True or False: Arteries, with their thicker, more elastic walls, have lower compliance, while veins are more compliant due to their thinner walls and larger lumen.
True
58
___________ act as muscular valves, controlling blood flow into individual capillaries.
Precapillary sphincters
59
The _____ represents the average pressure exerted by blood against the walls of arteries during one cardiac cycle.
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
60
The equation for calculating MAP is _________
MAP: MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP-DP); [DP = diastolic pressure, SP = systolic pressure}
61
The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is known as the _____.
pulse pressure
62
The equation ___________, known as Poiseuille's Law, mathematically describes the factors influencing resistance to blood flow in a blood vessel.
R = 8Lh / pr^4; Resistance = 8 (length)x(fluid viscosity) / (constant)x(inner radius)^4
63
The force that drives fluid movement across capillary walls is called _____.
net filtration pressure (NFP)
64
_____ are specialized structures in veins that prevent backflow of blood, ensuring unidirectional flow towards the heart.
Valves
65
An increase in _____ activity leads to vasodilation, increasing blood flow to tissues.
sympathetic
66
_____ is a measure of the total resistance encountered by blood flow in the systemic circulation.
Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
67
According to the _____ law, an increase in the volume of blood returning to the heart (venous return) leads to an increase in stroke volume.
Frank-Starling
68
_____ are sensory receptors located in the walls of arteries that monitor blood pressure.
Baroreceptors
69
_____ is the term for an abnormally elevated heart rate.
Tachycardia
70
_____ is the process of increasing the diameter of blood vessels, leading to decreased resistance and increased blood flow.
Vasodilation
71
_____ is the process of decreasing the diameter of blood vessels, leading to increased resistance and decreased blood flow.
Vasoconstriction
72
The _____ nervous system is responsible for increasing heart rate and contractility, preparing the body for "fight or flight" responses.
sympathetic
73
The _____ nervous system is responsible for decreasing heart rate, promoting rest and digestion.
parasympathetic
74
The percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of blood is known as the _____.
hematocrit
75
_____ are cell fragments in the blood that play a critical role in hemostasis by forming a plug at the site of vascular injury.
Platelets
76
The _____ nervous system acts to increase heart rate by increasing the inward sodium current (If) and increasing the inward calcium current (Ica).
sympathetic
77
A(n) _____ agent increases the strength of heart contractions at any given preload.
positive inotropic
78
Long-term regulation of blood pressure primarily involves adjustments in _____.
blood volume
79
_____ shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs due to severe blood loss, leading to a decrease in blood pressure and inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues.
Hypovolemic
80
The _____ is a pressure wave observed in the aortic pressure tracing during early diastole, caused by the rebound of blood against the closed aortic valve.
dicrotic notch
81
The second heart sound, often described as a "dub" sound, is associated with the closure of the _____ valves.
aortic and pulmonary
82
______ refers to the increase in ventricular volume during diastole due to the continued inflow of blood from the atria.
Ventricular filling
83
_______ channels play a critical role in the plateau phase of a ventricular action potential, contributing to the prolonged refractory period observed in cardiac muscle.
L-type calcium (Ca2+)
84
The _______ node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, initiating the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat.
SA
85
The heart controls both the __________ circulation and the __________ circulation.
systemic, pulmonary
86
True or False: There are different average pressures in the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
True
87
The distribution of blood volume is _____% in the heart, _____% in the pulmonary circulation, and ______% in the systemic circulation.
15% heart, 12% pulmonary, 73% systemic
88
The distribution of blood volume in the systemic circulation is _____% in the arteries, ______% in the veins, and ______% in the capillaries.
16-18% arteries, 50% veins, 5-7% capillaries
89
The fibrous division between the left and right ventricle is called the __________.
interventricular septum
90
Values open and close in the heart due to differential ________ pressure.
hydrostatic
91
Your heart beats about _________ times in one day and about _________ times in a year.
100,000 times, 35 million times
92
Blood enters the heart from the systemic circulation through the ________.
right atrium
93
Blood enters the heart from the pulmonary circulation through the _________.
left atrium
94
The left and right _______ arteries deliver blood to the heart; the _________ veins drain blood from the heart into the __________.
coronary, coronary, coronary sinus
95
Cardiac muscle fibers connect to neighboring fibers by __________.
intercalated discs
96
In the heart, ________ and gap junctions are used to allow exchange between cells.
desmosomes
97
Describe the order of conduction in the heart starting with the Sinoatrial node (SA).
SA node -- Atrioventricular node (AV) -- Bundle of His -- Right and Left Bundle Branches -- Purkinje Fibers
98
True or False: Purkinje fibers are located at the apex of the heart.
True
99
In order, the heart undergoes ________ excitation, followed by ________ excitation.
atrial, ventricular
100
The SA node has two types of cells: _______ and ________.
round (pacemaker) cells, elongated (conductive, no contraction) cells
101
In a graph of the action potential for the heart, the pacemaker potential is what part of the graph?
The rise from resting membrane potential to threshold
102
The resting membrane potential in the ventricular contractile fibers in the heart is around ______ mV.
-90 mV
103
The purposes of the three types of myocardial fibers are ____________, _____________, and___________.
pacemaker (SA/AV), spreading excitation (ventricular wall), doing the contraction work (rest of them)
104
True or False: pacemaker action potentials and ventricular muscle cell action potentials look the same.
False, pacemaker look similar to neuronal while ventricular have a plateau phase (calcium enters and potassium leaves)
105
The two types of calcium channels in the heart are ____-type and ___-type.
T (transient opening) and L (long-lasting)
106
In the heart, L-type calcium channels (DHPRs) and _______ are not physically coupled.
ryanodine receptors
107
Primary ryanodine receptor isoform found in the heart is ______.
RyR2
108
In the heart, ryanodine receptors are _________-sensitive.
calcium
109
Metabolism in cardiac fibers is almost exclusively through ______________.
aerobic cellular respiration
110
Cardiac cells also can metabolize lactic acid into _____.
ATP
111
Dissociation of ________ from RyR2 increases channel opening in heart failure; this causes Ca2+ leak from the SR into the cytoplasm and depletes the Ca2+ stores of the cell.
calstabin
112
An important contributor to impaired calcium handling in heart failure is PKA hyperphosphorylation of _____; the long-term effect is depletion of SR calcium stores.
RyR2
113
In pacemaker cells, sympathetic stimulation via norepinephrine release _______ (increases/decreases) the rate of action potentials.
increases
114
In pacemaker cells, parasympathetic stimulation via acetylcholine release _______ (increases/decreases) the rate of action potentials.
decreases
115
Rate of the ___________ (hyperpolarization/depolarization) determines the pacemaker rate.
depolarization
116
______ (Fast/Slow) depolarization is called the pacemaker potential
Slow
117
True or False: Only the contractile muscle
depolarization is seen on the EKG.
True (atrial repolarization cannot be seen)
118
The P-R interval in an ECG is _____________, which is 0.12 - 0.2 seconds in a healthy heart.
the speed of A-V conduction
119
Blood pressure is determined by ______ over _________; for instance, 120/80
systolic pressure, diastolic pressure
120
The Q-T interval is __________, whose speed varies with heart rate.
electrical systole
121
Diastole occurs after which segment of an ECG?
T wave
122
True or False: In abnormal conduction, many healthy cells
can excite the few healthy cells but few healthy cells can not generate enough current to excite the region of many healthy cells.
True
123
In a partial AV block, the ECG has ___________.
Occasional P wave without a coupled QRS
124
In a complete AV block, the ECG has ___________.
P waves not coupled to QRS
(random)
125
A first-degree AV block has a long _______ interval.
P-Q
126
An ECG of atrial fibrillation has ___________.
Irregular R-R intervals, and no detectable P waves
127
If Pressure in ventricle > Pressure in atrium, then the ______ valve closes.
bicuspid/tricuspid
128
If Pressure in ventricle > Pressure in aorta, then the _______ valve opens.
aortic
129
If Pressure in aorta > Pressure in ventricle, then the ______ valve closes.
aortic
130
If Pressure in atrium > Pressure in ventricle, then the _______ valve opens.
bicuspid/tricuspid
131
There are _____ auscultation sites in the heart.
four
132
What are the four phases of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular filling, Isovolumetric contraction, Ventricular ejection, Isovolumetric relaxation
133
During isovolumetric contraction and relaxation, both sets of values are ______ (opened/closed)
closed
134
Pulmonary artery pressure peaks at _____ and has a low of ______.
~24mmHg, ~8mmHg
135
Ventricular filling occurs during ______ (systole/diastole)
diastole
136
Increased contractility _______ (increases/decreases) stroke volume (SV); increased preload _________ (increases/decreases) SV; increased afterload _________ (increases/decreases) SV.
increases; increases; decreases
137
What is the equation for calculating ejection fraction (EF)?
EF = SV (stroke volume) / EDV (end diastolic volume)
138
What is an inotropic drug?
A drug that changes contractility
139
How do you calculate Pulse Pressure?
PP = SP (systolic pressure) - DP (diastolic pressure)
140
What is the equation for Flow?
Flow = Change in Pressure / Resistance
141
What is the equation for Compliance?
Compliance = Change in Volume / Change in Pressure
142
True or False: Arteries have more elastic layers than veins.
True
143
True or False: Arteries have a larger lumen than veins.
False
144
In the pulmonary capillaries, a decrease in oxygen leads to ______ (relaxation/constriction).
constriction
145
What is the equation for net pressure?
Pnet = Change in hydrostatic pressure - Change in osmotic force
146
In arterioles, norepinephrine binding to alpha 1 receptors leads to __________, while binding to beta 2 receptors leads to __________.
vasoconstriction, vasodilation
147
In vasculature, nitric oxide leads to __________.
vasodilation
148
In vasculature, histamine leads to _______.
vasodilation
149
In vasculature, endothelin leads to _______.
vasoconstriction
150
Normal systolic pressure is _______ and normal diastolic pressure is ______.
<120mmHg, <80mmHg
151
Prehypertension has a systolic pressure of _________ and a diastolic pressure of __________.
120-139mmHg, 80-89mmHg
152
Stage 1 hypertension has a systolic pressure of __________ and a diastolic pressure of _________.
140-159mmHg, 90-99mmHg
153
Stage 2 hypertension has a systolic pressure of __________ and a diastolic pressure of ___________.
>160mmHg, >100mmHg
154
In the brain, the cardiovascular control center is in the __________.
medulla oblongata
155
What does GIRK stand for?
G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels
156
What are the three ways that heart rate can be altered?
Change rate of depolarizing
diastolic potential; Shift maximum diastolic potential; Shift threshold for activation of AP
157
What is afterload?
The pressure that the ventricle must produce to open a semilunar valve.
158
What are baroreceptors?
Pressure-sensitive neurons that monitor stretching
159
Long term regulation is by altering _______ in the system.
volume
160
Short term regulation is by altering ______ and ______.
CO, TPR
161
Cardiac shock is __________.
the failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet metabolic needs.
162
In hypovolumetric shock, homeostatic mechanisms can compensate for an acute blood loss of as much as _____% of total blood volume.
10
163
High hematocrit is called _________.
polycythemia
164
Plasma proteins make up _______% of plasma.
7
165
In hematopoiesis throughout life, the order goes __________.
yolk sac, liver, spleen, bone marrow
166
_________ are metabolic disorders of the heme biosynthesis.
Porphyrias
167
The rate of iron incorporation in heme is enhanced by the enzyme _________.
ferrochelatase
168
Ferrochelatase is inhibited by _______.
lead
169
What are the three steps in hemostasis?
Vascular Spasm – rapid vasoconstriction; Platelet Plug Formation; Blood coagulation (clotting)
170
Platelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF) leads to the _________ of
endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, and fibroblasts.
proliferation
171
___________'s primary function is binding to other proteins, in particular factor VIII, and it is important in platelet adhesion to wound sites
von Willebrand factor (vWF)
172
PGI2 & NO _________ (inhibit/promote) platelet aggregation, while TXA2 _______ (inhibits/promotes) platelet aggregation.
inhibit, promotes
173
The liver plays a role in blood clotting because it synthesizes bile salts and synthesizes _________.
clotting factors
174
In blood clotting, the GI tract absorbs ______.
vitamin K
175
What are the two anticlotting systems called?
Thrombin System, Fibrinolytic System
176
In the thrombin system, thrombin acts as an anticoagulant by binding to thrombomodulin and activating ________, which inactivates clotting factors VIIIa and Va.
protein C
177
In the thrombin system, thrombin acts as a procoagulant and cleaves fibrinogen to ________, activates clotting factors XI, VIII, V, and XIII, and stimulates _______ activation.
fibrin, platelet
178
What are the four blood types (without Rh)?
A, B, AB, O
179
True or False: There is an O antigen.
False, Type O is the absence A and B antigen
180
Type ___ blood is the universal donor.
O-
181
Type _____ blood is the universal acceptor.
AB+
182
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occur when the mother is _____ (Rh+/Rh-) and the baby is ______ (Rh+/Rh-) due to the father. This does not affect the first pregnancy, but does affect subsequent pregnancies if the next baby is _____ (Rh+/Rh-).
Rh-, Rh+, Rh+
183
The heart pumps _____ liters per minute.
5
184
Intercalated discs contain ______ and ______ junctions.
desmosomes, gap
185
The SA node is located in the walls of the _________ atrium.
right
186
Funny (If) current is based on ________ (ion), and the channels are both voltage and ion-gated. It is enhanced with ___________ (parasympathetic/sympathetic) stimulation.
sodium, sympathetic
187
Calcium leakage in failing hearts may be prevented and treated with ___________.
beta-blockers
188
On an ECG, atrial depolarization is seen as a ___________.
P wave
189
On an ECG, ventricular depolarization is seen as a __________.
QRS complex
190
Capillaries are made up of single, squamous _________ cells.
endothelial
191
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, ______ in diameter.
5-10 micrometers
192
The tunica interna in veins and arteries is made up of __________.
endothelium
193
The tunica media in veins and arteries is made up of __________.
smooth muscle
194
____________ monitor blood chemistry.
Chemoreceptors
195
___________ is the term for a decreased heart rate.
Bradycardia
196
In regards to the parasympathetic system affecting heart rate, ACh decreases ________ current, opens _______, and reduces _______.
funny, GIRK, calcium current
197
Some hormonal vasoconstrictors for arteries include _________.
epinephrine (sometimes, depends on receptor), angiotension II, vasopressin
198
Some hormonal vasodilators for arteries include _________.
epinephrine (sometimes, depends on receptor), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
199
Chronic exercise (being trained) can _________ (increase/decrease) cardiac output, _______ (increase/decrease) resting heart rate, and _______ (increase/decrease) stroke volume.
increase, decrease, increase
200
_______ shock is due to poor heart function.
Cardiogenic
201
________ shock is due to inappropriate vasodilation.
Vascular
202
________ shock is due to obstruction of blood flow.
Obstructive
203
In compensating for blood loss, fixing the volume is done by fluid absorption from the __________.
interstitium
204
_________ decrease cardiac output by increasing urinary excretion of sodium and water.
Diuretics
205
________ blockers reduce cardiac output.
Beta-adrenergic receptor
206
_______ blockers reduce contractility and lower total peripheral resistance.
Calcium-channel
207
__________ inhibitors cause arteriolar vasodilation to lower total peripheral resistance, and cause a reduction in sodium reabsorption.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
208
In centrifuged blood, _____% is plasma, _____% is red blood cells, and a tiny bit is the buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets).
55, 45
209
The proteins in the plasma include __________.
Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
210
________ (type of protein in plasma) help maintain osmotic pressure.
Albumins
211
_________ (protein in plasma) plays an essential role in clotting.
Fibrinogen
212
After the pluripotent stem cells in hematopoiesis, the two stem cells that create the branches of blood cells are ________ and _______.
Myeloid stem cell, Lymphoid stem cell
213
Thrombopoietin stimulates progenitor cells leading to _________ from __________.
platelets, megakaryocytes
214
What organ(s) release/s erythropoietin?
Kidneys
215
Heme synthesis begins in the _________.
mitochondria
216
RBCs circulate for around _____ days before being phagocytized by macrophages.
120 days
217
In an adult, erythropoiesis occurs in the _________.
red bone marrow
218
Formation of a platelet plug involves ________ feedback.
positive
219
Fibrinogen is also known as Factor ___.
I
220
Fibrin is also known as Factor ____.
Ia
221
Prothrombin is also known as Factor ____.
II
222
Thrombin is also known as Factor ____.
IIa
223
The source of fibrinogen and prothrombin is the ______.
liver
224
True or False: In the process of a reticulocyte becoming an erythrocyte, it loses its mitochondria and ribosomes.
True
