Immune System

Question 1

The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance by draining excess _________.

Answer 1

interstitial fluid

Question 2

Lymphatic vessels transport ___________ from the digestive system to the bloodstream.

Answer 2

dietary lipids

Question 3

What are the four primary components of the immune system?

Answer 3

.
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, and red bone marrow

Question 4

___________ are responsible for filtering blood and are the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue.

Answer 4

Lymph nodes

Question 5

Lymph fluid originates from _____________, flows into interstitial spaces, then into lymphatic capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph ducts, and finally returns to the _______ at the intersection of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins.

Answer 5

blood capillaries, venous blood

Question 6

Primary lymphatic organs, like red bone marrow and the thymus gland, are where stem cells divide and mature to become _______________.

Answer 6

immunocompetent

Question 7

_______________, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules, are the primary sites where immune responses occur.

Answer 7

Secondary lymphatic organs

Question 8

The thymus gland plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of ____________, which are essential for adaptive immunity.

Answer 8

T-lymphocytes

Question 9

Thymic ________ cells facilitate the selection of functional and self-tolerant T cells within the thymus.

Answer 9

stromal

Question 10

The thymus plays a critical role in inducing ____________, a process that ensures newly developed T cells and B cells do not react to the body’s own cells and tissues.

Answer 10

central tolerance

Question 11

The gradual atrophy of the thymus after adolescence leads to ___________ output of naïve T lymphocytes.

Answer 11

decreased

Question 12

In adults, the maintenance of naïve T-cells is believed to occur mainly through ________________ of existing T cells

Answer 12

homeostatic proliferation

Question 13

The ________, the largest secondary lymphoid organ, acts as a filter for the blood.

Answer 13

spleen

Question 14

_________ and _________ are the first line of defense in the immune system, sampling bacteria and viruses entering through the mouth and nose.

Answer 14

tonsils, adenoids

Question 15

Name the three types of cells found in tonsils and adenoids?

Answer 15

Lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 16

__________ refers to the process of blood cell formation.

Answer 16

Hematopoiesis

Question 17

True or False: Interferon-gamma is a Type 1 interferon.

Answer 17

False, it’s Type 2

Question 18

Complement 3a and complement 5a activate Mast Cells to release ______.

Answer 18

histamine

Question 19

_______ is the term for increased WBCs (>10,000/µL).

Answer 19

Leukocytosis

Question 20

_______ is the term for decreased WBCs (<5,000/µL).

Answer 20

Leukopenia

Question 21

Erythropoietin stimulates the production of _______.

Answer 21

Red blood cells (RBCs)

Question 22

Natural Killer Cells recognize normal expression of _________ to avoid attacking the cell.

Answer 22

MHC class 1, leads to NK Cells attacking abnormal cells instead of normal cells

Question 23

True or False: NK Cells require activation to kill cells.

Answer 23

False, don’t require activation so they’re fast.

Question 24

G-CSF stimulates the growth and differentiation of _______.

Answer 24

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

Question 25

PAMPs stands for ________.

Answer 25

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

Question 26

DAMPs stands for __________.

Answer 26

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (molecules)

Question 27

LPS (lipopolysaccharide) is an example of a _________.

Answer 27

PAMP

Question 28

M-CSF stimulates the growth and differentiation of _______.

Answer 28

Monocytes and macrophages

Question 29

Chemotaxis draws macrophages and neutrophils to the area of _______

Answer 29

Infection (antigen)

Question 30

An _______ enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response.

Answer 30

Opsonin

Question 31

Both Helper t-cells and regulatory t-cells are _________ (type of CD).

Answer 31

CD4+

Question 32

_______ immunity refers to defense without recognizing specific identities.

Answer 32

Innate

Question 33

B lymphocytes lead to a ________ response, causing antibody production.

Answer 33

humoral

Question 34

_______ immunity recognizes specific identities, like antigens.

Answer 34

Adaptive

Question 35

B cells mature in the _________.

Answer 35

bone marrow

Question 36

T cells mature in the _________.

Answer 36

thymus

Question 37

Type 1 interferons are secreted by _______ cells.

Answer 37

virus-infected

Question 38

_______ protein synthesis is induced when Type 1 interferons bind to cells.

Answer 38

Antiviral

Question 39

The _______ pathway of complement activation is triggered by antibody-binding to microbes.

Answer 39

classic (aka classical)

Question 40

The _______ pathway of complement activation is triggered by lipid-carbohydrate binding to the microbe surface.

Answer 40

alternative

Question 41

True or False: Both b cells and t cells can recognize antigens.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Natural Killer (NK) cells can recognize stressed cells in the absence of _______ and MHC.

Answer 42

antibodies

Question 43

MHC stands for _______.

Answer 43

Major histocompatibility complex

Question 44

CD stands for _______.

Answer 44

Cluster of differentiation

Question 45

MHC class 1 molecules are expressed on the surface of most _______ cells.

Answer 45

normal

Question 46

PAMPs, or pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are molecules found on _______.

Answer 46

microorganisms

Question 47

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize and bind to specific _______.

Answer 47

PAMPs

Question 48

An _______ is a substance that can induce a detectable immune response.

Answer 48

Immunogen (or antigen)

Question 49

Cytotoxic t cells are a part of _____-mediated immunity.

Answer 49

cell

Question 50

_______ are also known as epitopes.

Answer 50

Antigenic determinants

Question 51

_______ cells are responsible for the cellular response (cytotoxicity).

Answer 51

T

Question 52

The only class of human immunoglobulins able to cross the placenta and give fetus/newborn protection are _____.

Answer 52

IgG

Question 53

The most common human immunoglobulin is ____.

Answer 53

IgG (75-80%)

Question 54

_______ cells are CD8+ cells.

Answer 54

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 55

The only human immunoglobulin that is a dimer is ____.

Answer 55

IgA

Question 56

The most efficient at activating complement of the human immunoglobulins is _____.

Answer 56

IgM

Question 57

The structure of IgM is a ______.

Answer 57

pentamer

Question 58

_______ is the predominant antibody in the primary immune response.

Answer 58

IgM

Question 59

_______ is the major antibody of the secondary immune response.

Answer 59

IgG

Question 60

_______ is found in bodily secretions like sweat, tears, and saliva.

Answer 60

IgA

Question 61

Macrophages present antigens in association with _______ class ______ self-antigen.

Answer 61

MHC class II

Question 62

_______ cells are also called inflammatory CD4 T cells.

Answer 62

Th1

Question 63

_______ primarily stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.

Answer 63

Th2

Question 64

MHC II is found in the ______.

Answer 64

lysosomal compartment

Question 65

_______ maintain tolerance to self-antigens and prevent autoimmune disease.

Answer 65

Treg cells

Question 66

Helper t cells and b cells recognize MHC class ____.

Answer 66

II

Question 67

_______ is a cytokine that stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of T cells, B cells, and NK cells.

Answer 67

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

Question 68

True or False: Ts cells are also known as Treg cells.

Answer 68

True

Question 69

_______ activates NK cells and macrophages.

Answer 69

Interferon gamma (IFN-g)

Question 70

Th17 has an important role in maintaining ______ and contributing to ________ at mucosal surfaces.

Answer 70

mucosal barriers, pathogen clearance

Question 71

Treg and Th2 are considered _____-inflammatory, while Th1 and Th17 are considered ____-inflammatory.

Answer 71

anti, pro

Question 72

_______ is the term for an immune response against self.

Answer 72

Autoimmunity

Question 73

Glucocorticoids (steroids) act as immunosuppressants by inhibiting the production of _______ by monocytes and macrophages.

Answer 73

IL-1

Question 74

TNF-alpha can activate the clotting cascade, which can unfortunately cause _____.

Answer 74

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) [many small blood clots in the blood steam, not good]

Question 75

Activated cytotoxic t cells release ________.

Answer 75

gramzymes (cause apoptosis), granulysin + perforin (cause cytolysis)

Question 76

The major secretory products of T helper cells include ___________.

Answer 76

IL-2; interferon-gamma; interleukins 4, 5, 6

Question 77

Cyclosporin blocks the release of ______.

Answer 77

IL-2

Question 78

Plasma cells produce specific _______.

Answer 78

antibodies

Question 78

The adaptive system starts with complement _____ while the innate system starts with complement _____.

Answer 78

1, 3

Question 79

Vaccination results in _________.

Answer 79

Artificially acquired immunity

Question 80

Autoimmunity is considered the failure of ______.

Answer 80

immune tolerance

Question 81

In the acute phase response in the systemic response to infection, ____ enhances protective responses.

Answer 81

fever

Question 82

The liver retains _____ because bacteria need ______ and are unable to proliferate without high plasma levels of these metals.

Answer 82

Fe, Zn

Question 83

The hypothalamic response to infection helps act as ____ feedback on the immune system.

Answer 83

negative

Question 84

Nonspecific resistance is also known as _______ immunity.

Answer 84

innate

Question 85

Specific resistance is also known as ________ immunity.

Answer 85

adaptive

Question 86

The single largest mass of lymphatic tissue is in the ________.

Answer 86

spleen

Question 87

In Starling's law of the capillaries, _____% of the fluid that was filtered is reabsorbed.

Answer 87

85

Question 88

What is the route of lymph fluid through the lymph node?

Answer 88

Afferent lymphatic vessel -- Subcapsular sinus -- Trabecular sinus -- Medullary sinus -- Efferent lymphatic vessel

Question 89

________ is the main duct for return of lymph to venous blood at junction of left internal jugular & left subclavian veins.

Answer 89

Thoracic duct

Question 90

True or False: There are valves in the lymphatic vessels.

Answer 90

True

Question 91

_______ muscles and ________ pump help lymph move in one direction

Answer 91

Skeletal, respiratory

Question 92

What are the two primary lymphatic organs?

Answer 92

Red blood marrow, thymus gland

Question 93

_________ lymphatic organs are where stem cells divide & become immunocompetent.

Answer 93

Primary

Question 94

_________ lymphatic organs are where most immune responses occur.

Answer 94

Secondary

Question 95

___________ is the mechanism by which newly developing T cells and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self; this starts in the thymus.

Answer 95

Central tolerance

Question 96

What is the largest of the secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 96

Spleen

Question 97

Some lymphocytes last for years, while RBCs only last _____ days.

Answer 97

120

Question 98

White blood cells are called _________.

Answer 98

leukocytes

Question 99

The agranular leukocytes are ________ and ________.

Answer 99

lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 100

GM-CSF leads to __________.

Answer 100

granulocyte and macrophage growth and differentiation

Question 101

High neutrophil count may indicate _________.

Answer 101

bacterial infection (most common), stress, burns, inflammation

Question 102

High lymphocyte count may indicate _________.

Answer 102

Viral infection (most common), some leukemias, infectious mononucleosis (aka mono)

Question 103

High monocyte count may indicate _________.

Answer 103

viral or fungal infection, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other chronic diseases (he had this one underlined)

Question 104

High eosinophil count may indicate _________.

Answer 104

allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases

Question 105

High basophil count may indicate _________.

Answer 105

allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism

Question 106

Selectins and integrins are ________ molecules.

Answer 106

adhesion

Question 107

Some examples of first lines of defense in innate immunity are ___________.

Answer 107

skin, mucous membranes, cilia, saliva, etc.

Question 108

Some examples of second lines of defense in innate immunity are _________.

Answer 108

interferons (IFNs), complement system, natural killer (NK) cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever

Question 109

_________ results in neutrophils entering tissue where they engulf bacteria.

Answer 109

Diapedesis

Question 110

The Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) is basically a pore made up of C_ through C_.

Answer 110

5-9

Question 111

What TLR recognizes LPS?

Answer 111

TLR4

Question 112

_____ bridge gap between innate and adaptive immunity.

Answer 112

TLRs

Question 113

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by autoreactive T cells against antigens of __________.

Answer 113

joint synovium