Heart Exam

Question 1

The sound we hear from S1 is caused by?

Answer 1

closure of the mitral valve (beginning of ventricular contraction)

Question 2

the sound we hear from S2 is caused by?

Answer 2

closure of the aortic valve (beginning of ventricular relaxation)

Question 3

what does the S8 heart sound mean for young patients? old patients? when would we hear it?

Answer 3

it can be normal in young children and some young adults. in older adults can mean changes in ventricular compliance
we can hear it after S2

Question 4

describe what S4 is and when we hear it

Answer 4

vibration on the ventricular wall due to atrial contraction, proceeds S1 of the next beat. it means a change in ventricular compliance

Question 5

describe stenosis

Answer 5

valve doesn’t open all the way and not enough blood passes through

Question 6

describe regurgitation

Answer 6

valve doesn’t close all the way so blood leaks backwards

Question 7

how do we perform a heart exam?

Answer 7

inspection: check for cyanosis (is pt oxygenating well? do they have SOB?) and obtain PMI
perform palpations and obtain PMI
perform auscultation (on skin): place at right 2 ICS, then left 2 ICS, then left 4 ICS, then left 5 ICS

Question 8

the 2nd right ICS identifies the?

Answer 8

aortic area

Question 9

the 2nd left ICS identifies the?

Answer 9

pulmonic area

Question 10

the lower left ICS identifies the?

Answer 10

tricuspid area

Question 11

the apex (lower right) ICS identifies the?

Answer 11

mitral area

Question 12

S2 is louder than S1 at the?

Answer 12

base (upper portion of heart)

Question 13

S1 is louder than S2 at the?

Answer 13

apex (bottom portion of heart)

Question 14

hydrochlorothiazide

Question 15

lisinopril

Answer 15

Prinivil, Zestril

Question 16

lovastatin

Answer 16

mevacor

Question 17

niacin

Answer 17

niacor
lower cholesterol

Question 18

nitroglycerin

Answer 18

nitrostat

Question 19

metoprolol

Answer 19

lopressor, toprol XL

Question 20

losartan

Answer 20

cozaar

Question 21

meclizine

Answer 21

bonine
treats motion sickness and vertigo

Question 22

lamotrigine

Answer 22

lamictal
seizures and bipolar

Question 23

metoclopramide

Answer 23

reglan
antiemetic: GERD

Question 24

what does TEE stand for?

Answer 24

transesophageal echocardiogram

Question 25

what does TTE stand for?

Answer 25

transthoracic echocardiogram

Question 26

what does IE stand for?

Answer 26

infective endocarditis

Question 27

what does CPR stand for?

Answer 27

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Question 28

what does ACLS stand for?

Answer 28

advanced cardiovascular life support

Question 29

what does ACS stand for?

Answer 29

acute coronary syndrome

Question 30

what does CHD stand for?

Answer 30

coronary heart disease

Question 31

what does CAD stand for?

Answer 31

coronary artery disease

Question 32

what does CHF stand for?

Answer 32

congestive heart failure

Question 33

what does CVD stand for?

Answer 33

cardiovascular disease

Question 34

what does JVP stand for?

Answer 34

jugular venous pressure

Question 35

what does PMI stand for?

Answer 35

point of maximal impulse

Question 36

define pericardiectomy

Answer 36

excision of membrane surrounding the heart

Question 37

define cardiomegaly

Answer 37

an enlarged heart

Question 38

define sonogram

Answer 38

image produced by reflected sound

Question 39

define electrocardiogram

Answer 39

tracing of electrical activity of heart during the cardiac cycle

Question 40

define regurgitation

Answer 40

backflow of blood through a defective heart valve

Question 41

define thrills

Answer 41

a vibration felt with palpation due to turbulent flow

Question 42

define murmur

Answer 42

whooshing sound from blood passing through heart

Question 43

what are echocardiograms used for?

Answer 43

to produce images produced by sound waves to identify heart structure, beating, blood flow in chambers, and valve function

Question 44

what can an electrocardiogram be used to determine?

Answer 44

heart rate, rhythm, ischemia, or heart attack

Question 45

what is the holter monitor used for?

Answer 45

shows us 24-48 hours of EKG

Question 46

what are cardiac event monitors used for?

Answer 46

to determine any heart abnormalities associated with rhythm

Question 47

what is a coronary angiography/angiplasty?

Answer 47

when you inject dye to visualize heart blood vessels, determine blockages or narrowing areas, or diagnose and/or treat blood vessel disease

Question 48

when plaque forms in the lining of the artery leading to blood clots and limited blood flow, what would we diagnose the pt with?

Answer 48

coronary artery disease

Question 49

how can we diagnose coronary artery disease?

Answer 49

EKG, ECHO, exercise stress testing, or cardiac angiography/angioplasty

Question 50

how can we treat coronary artery disease?

Answer 50

lifestyle modifications, antihypertensives, statins, and manage comorbidities

Question 51

what is the presentation of angina?

Answer 51

chest pain with SOB, syncope, fatigue, diaphoresis (sweating), or nausea

Question 52

describe stable angina

Answer 52

brought on by exertion, relieved by rest or vasodilator

Question 53

describe unstable angina

Answer 53

occurs at rest, will increase in frequency and not relieved by rest or vasodilator

Question 54

describe prinzmetals angina

Answer 54

uncommon pattern occurring at rest and caused by coronary artery spasms

Question 55

what are the common heart attack warning signs (myocardial infarction)

Answer 55

pain/discomfort in chest lightheadedness, nausea, or vomiting jaw, neck or back pain discomfort or pain in arm or shoulder shortness of breath

Question 56

what does a STEMI look like on an EKG?

Answer 56

elevated ST segment

Question 57

what does a non-STEMI look like on an EKG?

Answer 57

depressed ST segment

Question 58

what are the med treatment for MI? (MONA)

Answer 58

morphine oxygen nitrates aspirin

Question 59

what are the leading causes of HF?

Answer 59

HTN and CAD

Question 60

what are signs of HF?

Answer 60

crackles, peripheral edema, tachycardia, and cardiomegaly (enlarged heart)

Question 61

what is infective endocarditis?

Answer 61

inflammation of the endocardium - infection of the heart valves

Question 62

what are signs of infective endocarditis?

Answer 62

fever, new or altering heart murmur