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Cardiology > Heart Failure > Flashcards

Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Inability of the heart to adequately pump blood in relation to the body’s demands

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2
Q

What is systolic heart failure?

A

Impaired contraction

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3
Q

What is diastolic heart failure?

A

Impaired filling

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4
Q

Causes of systolic heart failure?

A

MI/ischaemia (commonest)
Dilated cardiomyopathy
HTN
Myocarditis

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5
Q

Causes of diastolic heart failure?

A

Pericardial effusion
Cardiac tamponade
Restrictive/hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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6
Q

Left-sided symptoms of heart failure?

A

Fatigue, exertional dyspnoea, orthopnoea, PND

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7
Q

Right-sided symptoms of heart failure?

A

Fatigue, dyspnoea, peripheral oedema, ascites

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8
Q

Signs of left-sided heart failure?

A

Shifted apex beat, 3rd heart sound

Bibasal crackles

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9
Q

Signs of right-sided heart failure?

A

Raised JVP
Hepatomegaly
Ascites
Bilateral leg oedema

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10
Q

What investigations help diagnose heart failure?

A

Bloods - NT Pro-BNP
CXR
Echo

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11
Q

What is BNP?

A

Ventricular natriuretic peptide or brain natriuretic peptide is a hormone secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart ventricles in response to stretching caused by increased ventricular blood volume

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12
Q

What is a raised BNP?

A

> 100

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13
Q

What is an echo used to investigate in heart failure?

A

Assess LV function
LV wall thickness
Ejection fraction
Valve disease

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14
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

How much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction

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15
Q

CXR signs of heart failure?

A

ABCDE

Alveolar oedema
Kerley B lines (interstitial oedema)
Cardiomegaly
Dilated prominent upper lobe vessels
Pleural Effusion
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16
Q

What is acute heart failure?

A

Acute heart failure (AHF) is life-threatening emergency.

AHF is a term used to describe the sudden onset or worsening of the symptoms of heart failure.

17
Q

What is chronic heart failure?

A

If the symptoms have been going on for some time

18
Q

Management of acute heart failure?

A

Oxygen and IV furosemide

19
Q

Which medication provides symptomatic relief in pulmonary oedema?

A

Furosemide

20
Q

What medications provide prognostic relief in heart failure?

A

ACE-I

Beta-blockers

21
Q

NHYA classification of heart failure?

A

Grade 1 = no symptoms
Grade 2 = symptoms on exertion
Grade 3 = symptoms on minimal exertion
Grade 4 = symptoms at rest

22
Q

What is the normal ejection fraction?

A

55% and above

23
Q

Management of patients with EF <35%?

A

Implantable cardiac defibrillator

Cardiology (10 decks)

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