Heart Failure

Question 1

What are characteristic signs and symptoms of heart failure?

Answer 1

Fluid retention, shortness of breath, and fatigue

Question 2

Elevation of which hormonal level is suggestive of pulmonary or systemic congestion?

Answer 2

Natriuretic peptides

Question 3

In clinical trials, what are the key outcomes that are evaluated and used as evidence of effective pharmacologic therapies for heart failure?

Answer 3

Improved survival (decreased mortality) and decreased hospitalizations

Question 4

Classification of heart failure is based on what criteria?

Answer 4

Functional status

Question 5

Long term effects of what contributes to the neurohormonal model of heart failure?

Answer 5

Elevated sympathetic nervous system activity and increased activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 6

Medical therapies used to manage HFrEF

Answer 6

Inhibitors of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
Beta blockers
Sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors
Aldosterone receptor antagonists
Cardiac resynchronization therapy
Inhibitors of neprilysin

Question 7

Medical therapies used to manage HFrEF

Answer 7

Sodium glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors
Aldosterone receptor antagonists

Question 8

Medical therapies to manage advanced heart failure

Answer 8

Left ventricular assist devices
Cardiac transplantation

Question 9

Exercise training is recommended for what individuals

Answer 9

Recipients of a heart transplant
NYHA classes II-IV
Individuals with left ventricle ejection fraction < 35%

Question 10

A Cochran meta-analysis has shown the benefits of exercise training include what

Answer 10

Decreased heart failure related hospitalizations
Improved quality of life
Trending toward reduction in mortality when follow-up for greater than 1 year