Heart - Gross

Question 1

Which division of the Mediastinum is the heart in?

Answer 1

Middle mediastinum

Question 2

What are the 3 layers of the Heart wall?

Answer 2

1. Epicardium = superficial
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium = Deep

Question 3

What does the Ligamentum Arteriosum do?

Answer 3

Connects the left pulmonary artery & Arch of the aorta.

Question 4

____ is a remnant of fetal ductus arteriousus.

Answer 4

Ligamentum Arteriosum

Question 5

What is the blood flow through the body?

Answer 5

Body –> SVC, IVC, & Coronary Sinus –> R. Atrium –> R. Ventricle –> Pulmonary Trunk –> Pulmonary arteries –> Lungs –> Pulmonary veins –> L. Atrium –> L. Ventricle –> Aorta –> Body

Question 6

What is are the 4 valves of the heart?

Answer 6

R. AV valve
Pulmonary Valve
Aortic Valve
L. AV valve

Question 7

What is the septum of the heart?

Answer 7

Interventricular septum

Question 8

What is are the 4 valves of the heart?

Answer 8

R. AV valve (Tricuspid)
Pulmonary (Semilunar)
Aortic (Semilunar) Valve
L. AV valve (Mitral bicuspid)

Question 9

What is the function of the AV valves?

Answer 9

Allows blood flow from atria into ventricles and prevents blood flow back into atria when ventricles contract.

Question 10

What is the function of Semilunar valves?

Answer 10

Allow blood out of ventricles into arteries when ventricles contract. Then doesn’t allow back flow of blood back into ventricles when they relax.

Question 11

What are the two types of valve problems?

Answer 11

1. incompetence (allows back flow of blood)

2. stenosis

Question 12

_______ travels with Anterior IV artery in anterior IV sulcus.

Answer 12

Great Cardiac Vein

Question 13

Where does the Great Cardiac Vein drain to?

Answer 13

Empties into the Cardiac sinus posteriorly

Question 14

Anterior Cardiac Veins pass superficial to ______.

Answer 14

Right Coronary Artery

Question 15

Where does the Anterior Cardiac Veins drain to?

Answer 15

Empties directly into right atrium.

Question 16

What are the branches of the Right coronary Artery?

Answer 16

1. Right Marginal branch
2. Posterior IV artery (termination)
3. Ant. Right atrial branch
   
   • Sinuatrial nodal branch

Question 17

The left Coronary Artery immediately divides into _______ & ________.

Answer 17

1. Anterior Interventricular A.
   - L. anterior descending A.
2. Circumflex A.
   - L. marginal branch

Question 18

T or F, Frequently one Coronary A. is dominant.

Answer 18

True, the dominant one gives off the Posterior IV A.

Question 19

R. Coronary A. is dominant ___% of the time.

Answer 19

about 65% of the time

Question 20

L. Coronary A. is dominant about ____% of the time.

Answer 20

about 15% of the time

Question 21

Balanced arterial pattern occurs about ______% of the time.

Answer 21

20%

Question 22

What is Coronary artery disease?

Answer 22

Occlusion of major coronary artery, usually due to antherosclerosis, leads to inadequate oxygenation of an area of myocardium and cell death.

Question 23

What is a Myocardial infarct (MI)?

Answer 23

(heart attack) Occurs when perfusion to myocardium is insufficient tot meet the metabolic needs of the tissue.

Question 24

What are the symptoms of a MI?

Answer 24

• Classic heaviness/ pressure

- Pain radiating to arm (left generally)

Question 25

______ is commonly used for bypass grafts.

Answer 25

Great Saphenous vein

Question 26

______ is commonly used for bypass grafts.

Answer 26

Great Saphenous vein - harvested from ant./med. region of the thigh or leg. * can be sutured into aorta & distal branch of Coronary A.

Question 27

_____ & _____ may also be used for coronary bypass graft.

Answer 27

Int. thoracic A & Radial A.

Question 28

T or F, Heart has the ability to maintain confection system without CNS innervation.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

_____ does affect rate of heartbeat.

Answer 29

ANS

Question 30

_________ increase heart rate.

Answer 30

Sympathetic innervation from T1-T5

Question 31

_________ decreases heart rate.

Answer 31

Parasympathetic innervation from Vagus N.

Question 32

______ & ______ both contribute to both superficial and deep cardiac plexuses of nerves.

Answer 32

SNS & PNS

Question 33

_____ is the "pacemaker" of the heart.

Answer 33

Sinatrial (SA) node

Question 34

What makes up the Conduction system of the heart?

Answer 34

SA node AV node AV bundle AV bundle branches R & L

Question 35

Damage to conduction system results _____.

Answer 35

Cardiac arrhymthmias

Question 36

Damage to AV node will cause _______.

Answer 36

Heart block

Question 37

_____ may be inserted to control the contractions.

Answer 37

Pacemaker

Question 38

Where is pacemaker placed?

Answer 38

Placed in contact with endocardium of ventricular wall

Question 39

Electrode terminal of pacemaker is firmly fixed to _______.

Answer 39

Trabeculae carneae

Question 40

What attaches to the papillary muscles?

Answer 40

Chordae Tendoneae

Question 41

What do the papillary muscles do?

Answer 41

Papillary muscles contract and tighten chordae tendineae preventing valve flaps from everting into atria.

Question 42

Where is the Fossa ovalis?

Answer 42

In right atrium | *Used to be Foramen Ovale (embryological)

Question 43

What are the 3 papillary muscles of the Right Ventricle?

Answer 43

Ant, post, and Septal papillary muscles | * (Ant. Is largest!)

Question 44

What are the 3 cusps of the Right AV valve?

Answer 44

Ant. Post. Septal cusp

Question 45

What is the roughened muscular walls of the ventricle?

Answer 45

Trabeculae Carne

Question 46

What is the roughened muscular wall of the atrium?

Answer 46

Pectinate muscle

Question 47

Where do coronary arteries originate from?

Answer 47

Aorta

Question 48

Where is AV node located?

Answer 48

Just superior to opening of coronary sinus.