Heart Part 1

Question 1

where is the heart.

Answer 1

posterior to sternum; extending left bwtn 2nd and 6th ribs.

In the middle mediastinum

Question 2

How is the heart situated in body

Answer 2

Rotated left so Right half is anterior. Apex pointed down and left

Question 3

Mediastium

Answer 3

spaces between the lungs

Question 4

Pericardium

Answer 4

2 types of connective tissue surrounding heart:

Fibrous pericardium and Serous pericardium

Question 5

Fibrous Pericardium

Answer 5

Thick layer of CT loosely surrounding heart

Adhered to sternum, diaphram and parietal pleura (lungs)

Question 6

Serous pericardium

Answer 6

bursa; reduces friction between heart and adjacent structures. Pericardial cavity contains lubricant

  - Visceral layer: invests outer heart (epicardium)
  - Parietal layer: outer layer adhered to inner                 surface of fibrous pericardium

Question 7

Myocardium:

Parts of it and functions;

Answer 7

Cardiac muscle

Bulbospiral muscle: “wrings out” blood

Pectinate muscle: thin atrial cardiac muscle fibers

Trabeculae carnae: thick ventricular cardiac muscle fibers on inner surface. dense Smooth muscle bundles in wall of ventricle

Question 8

Endocardium

Answer 8

CT lining interior surface

Question 9

Epicardium

Answer 9

CT adhered to exterior surface=visceral pericardium

Question 10

Functions of Right vs left sides of heart

Answer 10

Right side: transports deoxygenated venous blood to lungs

Left Side: transports oxengenated blood from lungs to peripheral tissues

Question 11

Basic Function of AV and Semilunar valves and their location

Answer 11

Maintain one way blood flow through the heart

AV valve between atria and ventricles

semilunar vabetween ventricles and arteries

Question 12

Bicuspid vs tricuspid valve

Answer 12

Bicuspid is left AV valve; Tricuspid is Right AV valve

Question 13

Pulmonary valve vs Aortic valve

Answer 13

Both semi lunar vlaves:

Pulmonary conducts blood from RIGHT ventricle into pulmonary trunk(artery)

Aortic valve: LEFT ventricle into aorta

Question 14

How does blood flow into Right Atrium?

Answer 14

Through Superior and inferior vena cava

Question 15

Fossa Ovalis

Answer 15

Site of foramen ovale: a prenatal apeture that directs blood from Right to left atrium

Question 16

What contracts to push blood into ventricles?

Answer 16

Pectinate muscle and vestigial auricle

Question 17

Coronary sinus

Answer 17

Aortic and pulminary

Spaces behind cusps that catch blood during diastole making the cusps meet at a central point

Question 18

Parts of tricuspid valve

Answer 18

3 cusps; papillary muscles; cordae tendonae; moderator band (part of bundle of HIS)

Question 19

How does blood flow into Left Atrium

Answer 19

Through pulmonary veins

Question 20

Describe walls of Left atrium

Answer 20

Thin with little pectinate muscle

Question 21

Left auricle

Answer 21

atrial appendage

Question 22

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Answer 22

2 cusps and chordae tendonae attached to papillary muscles

Question 23

Muscle of left ventricle

Answer 23

Thick layer of myocardium and trabeculae carnae

Question 24

AV valves:

1. Cusps held in place by what?
2. what seperates cusps?
3. What closes valves?
4. What prevents eversion during systole?

Answer 24

1. Chordae Tendinae
2. Entry of blood
3. Ventricular contraction creating pressure
4. Papillary muscle contraction tautens cusps

Question 25

Systole

Answer 25

Ejection of blood from the heart AV valves: ventricular contraction increase blood pressure in ventricle pushing cusps together to close valve Semilunar: blood ejection pushes cusps aside MAIN IDEA: AV valves closed, Semilunar open

Question 26

Diastole

Answer 26

Filling of the heart with AV: blood entry open cusps Semilunar: retro flow from pulmonary trunk and aorta fills sinuses behind cusps and closes valves MAIN IDEA: AV vavles open; Semilunar closed

Question 27

What makes both heart sounds and in what order

Answer 27

First sound: closure of AV valves Second: closure of semi lunar valves Turbulence of blood at valves makes the sound, not the actual closing of valves

Question 28

Where do right and left coronary arteries stem from?

Answer 28

aortic sinus then they give off descending branches

Question 29

left coronary artery branches

Answer 29

Anterior descending (interventricular) Circumflex (anastomoses with right coronary artery)

Question 30

Right Coronary artery branches

Answer 30

Marginal: Inferior margin of heart Posterior: descending interventricular

Question 31

What are the coronary veins and which artery do they parallel?

Answer 31

Great Cardiac vein: anterior descending artery Middle cardiac vein: posterior descending Small cardiac vein: marginal artery

Question 32

Coronary sinus drain...?

Answer 32

Most coronary blood into right atrium

Question 33

Coronary blood perfusion occurs? Pressure depends on what?

Answer 33

during diastole as semilunar valves close Pressure depends on arterial recoil after cessation of systole

Question 34

Coronary artherosclerosis

Answer 34

Arterosclerotic plaques reduce blood flow (ischemia_ and deprive tissue of oxygen downstream from obsruction.

Question 35

Angina Pectoris symptoms

Answer 35

Pain, pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing, burning, choking associated with lack of Oxygen precipitated by exertion or emotional stress

Question 36

Smoking (potential) effect on Angina Pectoris

Answer 36

Painful vasospasms: Prinzmetal angina

Question 37

etymology of angina

Answer 37

translates into strange feeling in the chest

Question 38

Treatment of Angina

Answer 38

Vasodialate arteries (nitroglycerin) Reduce load of heart (beta blocker: reduce cardiac output)

Question 39

Places of angina referred pain

Answer 39

left chest, medial arm, stomach or deep upper back

Question 40

How is referred pain produced

Answer 40

Sensitization of somatic sensory pathways that are co localized with the heart pain pathways within the same levels of the spinal cord.