HEENT Structure and Functional Organization Flashcards

(89 cards)

1
Q

What is a conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment?

A

Sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the special senses?

A
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Equilibrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What conditions must be satisfied for a sensation to occur?

A
  • A stimulus
  • A sensory receptor converting the stimulus to an electrical signal.
  • A nerve pathway conducts the information to the brain.
  • A region of the brain translates/integrates the nerve impulse into a sensation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations?

A

Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What senses include tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations?

A

Somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What senses provide sensations from internal organs?

A

Visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Perceptions are a function of what?

A

Cerebral Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the decrease in the strength of a sensation during prolonged exposure to a stimulus?

A

Adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of receptors detect mechanical deformation of adjacent cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of receptors detect changes in temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of receptors detect pain?

A

Nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are nociceptors adaptable?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What receptors are virtually located in all tissues of the body except for the brain?

A

Nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of pain is known as acute, sharp, or pricking?

A

Fast pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of pain is precisely located?

A

Fast pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of pain tends to be chronic, aching, burning, or throbbing?

A

Slow pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of pain is more diffuse?

A

Slow pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Thermal receptors are located in the epidermis and dermis. Which is cold and which is hot?

A

Epidermis - Cold
Dermis - Warm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thermal receptors for cold are located in what?

A

Epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Thermal receptors for warm are located where?

A

Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of receptors are deep dermal and located everywhere?

A

Mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which receptor for somatic senses include touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle?

A

Tactile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Between what temperatures activates cold receptors located in the epidermis?

A

10-40 C (50-105 F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Between what temperatures activates warm receptors located in the dermis?

A

32-48 C (90-118 F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What happens when temperatures fall below 10 C (50 F) and rise above 48 C (118 F)?
Stimulates nociceptors, instead of thermoreceptors, thus eliciting painful simulations.
26
What informs which muscles are contracting?
Muscle spindles
27
What informs the amount of tension in our tendons?
Tendons organs
28
What informs the position of our joints while doing work?
Joint kinesthetic
29
What monitors the orientation of the head relative to the ground and positioning during movements?
Hair cells in the middle ear
30
What allows us to estimate the weight of objects and determines the muscular effort needed to perform a task?
Proprioceptive sensations
31
Where are olfactory receptors located?
Nasal epithelium
32
What is gustation?
Sense of taste
33
What are the 5 primary tastes?
- Salt - Sweet - Bitter - Sour - Umami
34
What converts the stimulus to an electrical signal?
Sensory receptor
35
Most tactile sensations are detected by what type of receptors?
Mechanoreceptors
36
Where are mechanoreceptors located?
Superficial and deep dermal layers
37
Where are proprioceptors located?
- Skeletal muscles (muscle spindles) - Contraction - Tendons (tendon organs) - too much weight
38
The olfactory pathway has axons that form olfactory nerves (CN-I) and they extend through cribriform plate to ________ _________ via holes in the cribriform plate?
Olfactory bulb
39
What houses the emotional response to odors?
Limbic system
40
The olfactory tract will project to what for awareness of smell and to limbic system for emotional responses to odor?
Cerebral cortex
41
Taste buds convey impulses to what cranial nerves?
- CN VII Facial - CN IX Glossopharyngeal - CN X Vagus
42
What cranial nerve carries taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
CN VIII Facial
43
What cranial nerve carries taste information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
44
What cranial nerve carriest tase informtion from taste buds on the epiglottis and in the throat?
CN X Vagus
45
From the midbrain, the axons go to the final destination of primary gustatory area (parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex) for what?
Conscious perception of taste
46
Where is the finaldestination for the conscious perception of taste?
Primary gustatory area (parietal lobe of cerebral cortex)
47
How do tears drain from the surface of the eye?
Through lacrimal canaliculi and then to the nasolacrimal duct.
48
What six muscles move the eyeball from left to right and up and down?
- Superior rectus - Inferior rectus - Lateral rectus - Medial rectus - Superior oblique - Inferior oblique
49
Which cranial nerve assists with mastication?
CN V Trigeminal
50
The fibrous tunic is divided into what two regions?
- Posterior sclera - Anterior cornea
51
What is layer of the eyeball is divided into the posterior sclera and anterior cornea?
Fibrous tunic
52
What is the middle layer of the eyeball?
Vascular tunic
53
What layer of the eyeball is composed of three portions: choroid, ciliary body, and iris?
Vascular tunic
54
The vascular tunic is composed of what three portions?
- Choroid - Ciliary body - Iris
55
What is the inner layer of the eyeball?
Retina
56
What layer of the eyeball lies in the poster three-quarters of the eye and functions in image formation?
Retina - internal layer
57
Where is the retina and what is its function?
Posterior three-quarters of the eye and functions in image formation.
58
Photoreceptors are called what?
Rods and Cones
59
The eye's interior is divided into what by the lens?
Anterior cavity and the vitreous chamber
60
What is filled with a watery fluid called the aqueous humor that is continuously produced by the ciliary process?
Anterior cavity
61
What helps maintain shape of the eye and nourishes the lens in the cornea?
Anterior cavity
62
What is the larger of the cavities?
Vitreous chamber
63
What lies anterior to the lens and is filled with aqueous humor?
Anterior cavity
64
What lies between the retina and the lens which contains a clear, jellylike substance?
Vitreous chamber
65
What helps maintain the eye's shape and holes the retina in place?
Vitreous chamber
66
How is inta ocular pressure produced?
By the aqueous humor (mainly) and the vitreous body.
67
What is normal IOP?
16 mm Hg
68
What does IOP do?
- Maintains the shape of the eyeball - Keeps the retina in position and nourished
69
What begins with the absorption of light rays by the rods and cones of the retina?
Visual stimulation
70
Visual stimulation begins with what?
The absorption of light rays by the rods and cones of the retina.
71
A deficiency in what vitamin leads to night blindness?
Vitamin A
72
What is missing in colorblindness?
Red and green cones
73
Rods versus Cones. Which is dark, shades of gray? Which is bright, color?
Cones - bright, color Rods - dark, shades of gray
74
What part of the ear is a small air-filled cavity?
Middle ear
75
What type of cavity lies between the eardrum and the internal ear?
Air-filled
76
What are the three bones of the middle ear?
- Malleus - Incus - Stapes
77
What is the largest of the auditory ossicles?
Malleus
78
What bone attaches to the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
79
Which auditory osscile attaches to the oval window?
Stapes
80
What repeatedly strikes the oval window?
Stapes
81
Sound waves enter the ear through the external auditory canal, strike the tympanic membrane, and are conducted through what?
The ossicles: Malleus, Incus, Stapes
82
What refers to the maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity?
Static equilibrium
83
What is static equilibrium?
Maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity.
84
What is the maintenance of the body position in response to sudden movements?
Dynamic equilibrium
85
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Maintenance of the body position in response to sudden movements.
86
Where are the receptor organs for equilibrium located?
Internal eara
87
What are the receptor organs for equilibrium?
- Saccule - Utricle - Semicircular ducts
88
What is CN VIII?
Vestibulocochlear
89
What cranial nerve can be associated with the medulla and cerebellum?
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear