Hehe Flashcards by Butter Bitch

It binds the hormone estradiol

A1- fetoprotein

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A1 fetoprotein produced by

Developinn embryo and fetus / parenchymal cells of the liver

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A1 fetoprotein decreases

✓ after birth
✓ down syndrome
✓ Edward syndrom

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A1- fetoprotein increases

✓ neural defects
✓ abdominal wall defect
✓ fetal distress

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Reference method for quantification of lp

Ultracentrifugation method

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Most commonly used support medium of electrophoretic method

Agarose gel

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_________ It usually visualizd with lipid- staining dye such as Oil red O

Lp electrophoretogram

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Fxn of apolipoprotein

✓ helps maintain the structural integrity of lp
✓ serves as ligands for cell receptor
✓ aid in the solubilization of lipids

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It is due to defective Apo B synthesis

Abetalipoproteinemia

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Abetalipoproteinemia is also known as

Bassen- kornweig syndrome

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______,______,_______ are all NOT found in plasma in abetalipoproteinemia

VLDL, LDL, CM

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Abetalipoproteinemia is characterized by

Cerebral ataxia
Acanthocytosis
Fat malabsorption

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Proteolytic fragments of collagen 1 formed during bone resorption

Cross- linked C-telopeptides

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T or F:
Cross- linked C-telopeptides is the biochemical marker of bone resorption

True

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Test associated with cross- linked C- telopeptides is mostly useful for monitoring the

Response to anti-resorptive therapy or in the destruction of bone tissue

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Tests for ketones

✓ Gerhardt’s test
✓ Sodium nitroprusside test
✓ enzymatic test

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It detects 3-B-hydroxybutyric acid ot acetoacetic acid

Enzymatic test

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Enzymatic test uses

3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase

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Ferric chloride reacted with acetoacetic acid to produce a red color

Gerhardt’s test

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Reacts with acetoacetic acid to produce a purple color

Sodium nitroprusside test

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Largest and least dense lp particles

Chylomicrons

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Chylomicrons contains

Apo B-48

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Glucose reacts with O2 and H2O to form gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

The hydrogen peroxide will then reacts with a chromogenic substance yo produce oxide chromogen and water

Glucose Oxidase Method

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Unique characteristics that are seen in px with cirrhosis

Beta-gamma bridging

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It transport iron and prevents loss or iron through the kidney

Transferrin

T or F: The amount of transferrin indicates the amount of iron in the body

True

Major component of b-globulin fraction

Transferrin

Transferrin increases when

✓ iron deficiency anemia ✓ hemochromatosis or bronze diabetes

Transferrin decreases

✓ inflammation like liver dsx ✓malnutrition ✓ Nephrotic syndrome

It involves reduction of yellow ferricyanide to a colorless ferrocyanide by glucose

Alkaline ferric reduction method

Alkaline ferric reduction method is also known as

Hagedorn Jensen

Hagedorn Jensen principle:

Inverse colorimetry

Reagent used in neocuprein method

2.9-dimethyl-1,10- phenantroline hydrochloride

It is used for the detection and quantitation of reducing substances in the body fluids like body and urine

Benedict's method

Benedict's method:

Brick red precipitate

Stabilizing agent of Benedict's method

Citrate or tartrate

Commonly usse to measure blood glucose

Enzymatic method

Also known as sinking pre-b lp

Lp (a)

Lp (a) elevates in

Premature coronary heart dsx and stroke

Lp (a) measures

HDL and LDL

T or F: Lp (a) has homology with plasminogen

True

Cause of failure to thrive syndrome in infants, diarrhea, and vomiting

Galactosemia

Galactosemia:

Increased level of galactose in plasma

Deficient enzyme in galactosemia

✓ galactose-1- phosphate uridyltransferase ✓ galactokinase ✓ uridine diphosphate galactosr-4- epimerase

Lab test used for galactosemia

Erythrocytes galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity

Lab findings in galactosemia

✓ hypoglycemia ✓ hyperbilirubinemia ✓ galactose accumulation in the blood, urine, tissue

Screening of GDM should be performed between

24-28 weeks of gestation

Abnormal lipid concentration in the blood

Dyslipidemia

Three enzyme system are commonly used to measure glucose

✓ glucose dehydrogenase ✓ glucose oxidase ✓ hexokinase

Increased in plasma concentration

Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Lipolysis

Decreased in plasma concentration

Glycolysis Glycogenesis Lipogenesis

Lipids and Lps are intimately involved in the development of

Atherosclerosis

A portion of heart stops beating because it doesn't receive enough O2 supply

Myocardial infarction

Enzymes used in Glucose dehydrogenase method

✓ mutarotase ✓ glucose dehydrogenase ✓ diaphorase

The amount of NDAH in glucose dehydrogenase method is _______ to amount of glucose in the sample

Proportional

Folin Wu method:

Phosphomolybdic acid or phosphomolydenum blue

It decreasez intestinal entry into the cell

Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids is also known as

Cortisol

Glucocorticoids increases in

Gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

Primarily located on the surface of lipoprotein particles

Apolipoprotein

Formation of violet-colored chelate between Cu2+ ions and peptide bonds

Biuret method

The absorbance of cheltin biuret method is measured at

540 nm

T or F: Biuret method is thr routine method in total protein that requires atleast 2 peptide bond and an alkalinr medium

True

It measures the rate of oxygen consumption which is proportional to glucose concentration

Polagraphic glucose oxidase

Most specific Glucose method and considered the reference method

Hexokinase method

Why does hexokinase method considered the most specific Glucose method

Because of its coupling enzyme which is the G-6-PD

Also knowsn as good cholesterol or alpha-lp

HDL

Smalles and most dense lp particles

HDL

HDL contains

Apo A1

T or F: HDL has the anti-atherogenic property

True

HDL synthesized by both

Liver and intestines

Two major types of HDL

HDL2 and HDL3

Difference between HDL2 & HDL3

HDL2 is larger and richer in lipid than HDL3

Used to describe indiv for whom the cause of hypocholesterolemia is likely MULTIFACTORIAL

Polygenic (non familial) hypercholesterolemia

Major carriers of ENDOGENOUS tag and transfer tag

VLDL

VLDL are produced by the

Liver

VLDL contains

Apo B100, apo E, and apo C

VLDL is negative for

Creamy top layer

VLDL is also known as

Pre-beta lp

Also known as bad cholesterol or beta-lp

LDL

LDL contains

Apo B100

LDL is synthesized in the

Liver

LDL is thr culprit to hypercholesterolemia leading to

Atherosclerosis

LDL that Can infiltrate into extracellular space if the vessel wall are taken up by the macrophages

Foam cells

LpX is found in

Obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency

Beta VLDL accumulates in

Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia ( familial dysbetalipoproteinemia)

Beta-VLDL is also known as

Floating beta-lp

Caused by defective or deficient LDL-receptor gene on chromosome 19

Familial hypercholesterolemia

An extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder wherein phytosterols are absorbed and accumulate in plasma and peripheral tissue

Sitosterolemia

Sitosterolemia results from mutations in ____or_____ which are located at _______

ABCG8 or ABCG5 Chromosome 2p21

It is due to apo B deficiency resulting from point mutation in apo B

Hypobetalipoproteinemia

Hypobetalipoproteinemia decreases in

LDL-C and total cholesterol

Rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by very low level of HDL due go mutation of ABCA1 gene on chromosome 9

Tangier disease

Hypobetalipoproteinemia affects

LDL

Tangier disease affects

HDL

Serum protein electrophoresis contains five bands

1. Albumin travels farthest to the anode 2. A1- globulin 3. A2- globulin 4. B-globulin 5. Gamma-globulin

Most common used spx in glucose measurements

Serum and plasma

Condensation method Ortho-toluidine ( dubowski method):

Green colored end product

Inhibition of protease neutophil elastase which id released from leukocytes to fight infxn

A1- antitrypsin

causes ______ when A1-antitrysinjs not controlled

Emphysema

What causes A1-antitrysin deficiency

Mutations in the SERPINA1 gene

A1-antitrysin increases in

✓ inflammatory rxn ✓ pregnancy ✓ contraceptive use

It is the major component of a1- globulin fraction

A1-antitrysin

Electrophoresis is based on the migration from

Point of origin towards anode

Negatively charged electrode

Cathode

HDL migrates in

Alpha region

VLDL migrates in

Pre bera region

LDL migrates in

Beta region

Inhibitis insulin secretion

Epinephrine

Epinephrine increases in

Glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Recently proposed as a new sensitive endogenous serum market for the gfr

Cystatin C

Hehe Flashcards

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