Pinworm is caused by
Enterobius
Worm which lays eggs in the anus
Enterobious
Transmission of enterobius
Fecal Oral route (Self-infection)
Diagnosis of enterobius
Scotch tape test
Treatment of Enterobius
Pyrantel pamoate / Albendazole
Hookworms are
Ancyclostoma duodenale
Necator americanus
Hookworm mode of transmission
Penetrate skin of soles of feet, then ascend to lungs, cough up, swallowed, matures in small intestine
Manifestations of hookworm infectiion
Iron deficiency anemia
Diagnosis of hookworm
Stool test, look for eggs
Treatment of Hookworm
Pyrantel pamoate
Transmission of ascaris
Ingestion of eggs in contaminated food, migrates to lungs, then mature, swallowed again
Clinical manifestations of Ascariasis
Respiratory symptoms
Malnutrition
Intestinal obstruction
Diagnosis of ascariasis
Eggs in stool
Treatment of Ascariasis
Albendazole
Transmission of Strongyloides
Penetrates soles of feet –> lungs –> swallowed in GI tract
Nematode capable of autoinfection
Strongyloides - eggs rhatch and repenetrate inside
Diagnosis of strongyloides
Stool test - LARVAE. not eggs
Treatment of Strongyloides
Albendazole, Ivermectin
Trichinella spiralis is found in
Undercooked meat
Symptoms of trichinella infection
Periorbital edema, vomiting, fever, sweating, myalgia
Transmission of Trichinella
Ingestion –> larvbae enter muscle and form cysts within striated muscle
Trearment of Trichinella
Albendazole
Dracunculus medinensis infection mode
Drinking infected water with copepods containing larvae
Intermediate host of dracunculius
Copepods
Manifestaition of dracunculus
Painful skin ulcer with worm coming out
Treatment of dracunculus
Metronidazole
Manual extraction of worm bny wrapping around stick
Onchocerca volvulus intermediate host
Black fly
Manifestation of Onchocerca volvulus
Hyperpigmented and hypopigmented papules with onchodermatitis, blindness
River blindness is caused by
Onchocerca volvulus
Stage of Onchocerca volvulus larva which circulates in the body
Microfilaria
Diagnosis of Onchocerca volvulus
Microfilaria in skin biopsy
Treatment of Onchocerca volvulus
Ivermectin
Clinical manifestations of Wuchereria bancriofti
Lymphadenopathy
Cough
Elephantiasis
Intermediate hoset of Wuchereria bancrofti
Mosquito
diangosis of Wuchereria bancrofti
Thick smear
Treatment of Wuchereria
Diethylcarbamazine
Toxocara canis transmission
Food ingestion contaminated wityh dog or cat feces
Visceral larva migrans is caused by
Toxocara canis
Manifestations ofvisceral larva migrans
Blindness
Treatment of toxocara canis
Albendazole
Transient angioedema is caused by
Loa Loa
Adult worms migratihng across conjunctiva is
Loa loa
Vector of Loa Loa
Deer flies
Treatment of Loa Loa
Diethylcarbamaxzine, albendazole
Taenia transmission
Ingestion of undercooked meat
Saginata - cattle
Solium - pig
Hooks on proglottid head is present on which Taenia
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata has no hook
Neurocysticercosis is caused by
Taenia solium and Saginata, when Eggs are ingested
Ingestion of cysts vs Ingestion of Eggs of Taenia
Cysts - causes taeniasis - malabsorption, GI upset
Eggs - neurocysticercosis
Treatment of Taenia
Praziquantel
If neuro - add albendazole
Fish tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum
Manifestation of D. latum
Diarrhea, Vitamin B12 deficiencymegaloblastic anemia,
Largest tapeworm(longest)
D. latum
Diagnossis of D. latum
Proglottid segments seen on stool tests
Treatment of D. latum
Praziquantel, Niclosamide
Sheep Tapeworm
Echinococcus granbulus
Definitive host of Echinococcus
Dog
Intermeidiate host of Echinococcus
Sheep
Incidental host of Echinococcus
Human - from accidental ingestion of contaminated dog feces
Eggshell calcifications on a liver image shows hydatid cyst, typical of what worm
Echinococcus
Complication of hydatid cyst rupture
Acute abdomen and anaphylactic reaction
Mode of infection of schistosoma
Cercariae infect humans
Intermediate host of Schistosoma
Snails
Schistosoma mansoni, japonicum, vs hematobium
Migrate against portal flow
Mansoni and japonicum - Liver
Hematobium - bladder
Morphology of schistosoma mandoni and japonicum (spines)
Mansoni - large, lateral
Japonicum - small spine
Hematoibium - large spine
Symptoms of Schistosoma
Swimmer’s itch
Man and Jap - Portal hypertension, GI bleed, cirrhosis
Hem - hematuria, bladder cancer
Chinese liver fluke is
Clonorchis sinensis
Intermediate host of clonorchis
Snails
Manifestationbs of clonorchis
Biliary fibrosis
Cholangiocarcinoma
pigmented gallstones
Morphology of clonorchis eggs
Operculated
Treatment of clonorchis
Praziquantel
Lung flukes are
Paragonimus westermani
Manifestations of paragonimiasis
Cough with bloody sputum
Intermediate host of paragonimus
Snail
Transmission of lung fluke
Ingestion of undercooked crab meat
Morphology of eggs of paragonimus
Operculated
Treatment of paragonuimus
Praziquantel