helping others (social)

Question 1

intro
- definitions

Answer 1

prosocial behaivour
altruism v egoist
reciprocal altruism
empathy

Question 2

evolution of helping
- animals
- Bernstein theory
- evidence
-evalutaion
readings; common gene, oxytocin

Answer 2

kin selection e.g capuchin monkey
reciprocal altruism; chimpanzee e.g grooming
burnstein; relatedness, health, situation
+ grandparent study
+ better psychological outcomes for kid
- we still help others
greater likelihood of common gene surviving
Bio; oxytocin linked to helping

Question 3

empathy altruism hypothesis (Batson)
- what the theory
- neg state relief model
- evaluate
- softball

Answer 3

we are altruistic due to empathy
OR NSRM; makes us feel better. (cialdini)
+ empathetic pp helped even when psychological escape was easy
- empathy disappears when non altruistic motivates identified
- softball reading

Question 4

what was Batson Ciladini argument
- gorilla example

Answer 4

Cialdini’s View (Egoism):
- People help others to feel better themselves. Helping reduces their own stress, guilt, or discomfort.

Batson’s View (Altruism):
People can help purely out of care and empathy.

Kid falls in gorilla cage- protect was was it out of empathy and because had been taught to fetch?

Question 5

situational factors influencing helping others
- study on Good Samaritan
- neg state relief
- 5 steps to helping

Answer 5

time was more important than the topic of speech
good mood= more likely to help e.g weather
- 5 steps; notice, interpret, take responsibility, decide how to help, provide help - if step missed= no help

Question 6

when don’t people help
- kitty
- smoke
- bystander effect- why?
- paper towel
- rape

Answer 6

Kitty Genovese; stabbed 30 minutes to die
smoke room- alert 75% alone, 38% with others. bystander effect
why?
- diffusion of responsilbity
- social influence

personal relative deprivation; dissatisfaction based on belief that one is deprived

Question 7

individual differences in helping
- who’s more likely to help
- characteristics influencing judgement
- men or women
religion

Answer 7

likely to help; securely attached, people from smaller towns, rural us areas, selfish gene, religion
characteristics; attractiveness (airport reading), their responsibility for situation (beach study), competence, leadership
- men