Hematologic Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
Whole blood functions
A
- delivery of substances needed for cellular metabolism
- defense against microorganisms and injury
- removal of wastes
- maintenance of acid-base balance
2
Q
Erythrocytes (RBC’s)
A
- most abundant cell in body
- responsible for tissue oxygenation.
- normal value is 4.2-6.2 million
3
Q
Hemoglobin
A
- oxygen-carrying protein of the erythrocyte (rbc)
- a single erythrocyte contains as many as 300 hemoglobin molecules
- 97% of oxygen in blood is combined with hemoglobin and carried on the RBCs
4
Q
Leukocytes (WBCs)
A
- defend the body against infection and remove debris (phagocytosis)
- normal value is 4,500 to 10,000 mcL
5
Q
Thrombocytes (platelets)
A
- disk shaped cytoplasmic fragments
- essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding
- normal value is 150-400,000 mm
6
Q
Hemostasis
A
means arrest of bleeding
7
Q
Requirements of Hemostasis is ..
A
-platelets, clotting factors and vasculature
8
Q
Lymphoid Organs - SPLEEN
A
- largest lymphoid tissue
- located in the abdominal LUQ
- has sinuses filled with blood
9
Q
What 2 tissue types does the Spleen have
A
- White pulp (lymphocytes)
- Red pulp (rbcs, lymphocytes, macrophages)
10
Q
Lymphoid organs - LYMPH NODES
A
- small bean shaped lymph tissue
- filters lymph fluid in the lymph vessels
- clusters of lymph nodes throughout the body
11
Q
Anemia
A
reduction in the total number of erythrocytes (RBCs) in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin
12
Q
Etiology of Anemia
A
- impaired erythrocyte production
- acute of chronic blood loss
- increased erythrocyte destruction
- combination of the above
13
Q
What do you need to look at on the CBC for anemia
A
rbc, Hgb, Hct, MCV, MCH
14
Q
Anemia physiologic manifestation
A
reduced oxygen carrying capacity– hypoxemia
15
Q
Classic Anemia symptoms
A
- fatigue
- weakness
- dyspnea
- pallor
- palpitations
16
Q
Macrocytic-Normochronic Anemias
A
Pemicious anemia AKA Vitamin B12 deficiency
17
Q
Pemicious anemia
A
anemia caused by lack of intrinsic factor from the gastric parietal cells
18
Q
Etiology of Premicious anemia
A
- severe gastric disease
- genetic
- autoimmune
- chronic alcholism
- dietary
- PPI use
19
Q
CM when hemoglobin at 7-8 gm/dl for Premicious anemia
A
- fatigue
- weakness
- loss of appetite
- weight loss
- arthralgia
- paresthesia
- tachycardia
- glossitis
20
Q
Folate deficiency anemia
A
folate deficiency
21
Q
Etiology of Folate deficiency anemia
A
- dietary
- alcohol abuse
- pregnancy
- celiac disease
- inflammatory bowel disease
- crohns disease
- medications
22
Q
CM Folate deficiency anemia
A
- stomatitis
- SOB
- dysphagia
- flatulence
- watery diarrhea
- palpitations
- weakness
23
Q
Iron deficiency anemia
A
disorder or iron metabolism
24
Q
Etiology of Iron deficiency anemia
A
- inadequate intake
- excessive menses
- GI loss
- frequent use of antacids
25
CM of iron deficiency anemia
```
pale
weak, fatigue
new heart murmur
heart palpitations
dyspnea
pica (eat weird things)
cold intolerance
```
26
Polycythemia
myeloproliferative RBC disorder
-overproduction of red blood cells
27
Relative ploycthemia
- results from dehydration
| - fluid loss results in relative increases of red cell counts and Hgb and Hct values
28
Absolute polycythemia - Primary absolute
polycythemia vera (pv)
29
Absolute polycythemia - secondary absolute
Increase in erythropoietin as a normal response to chronic hypoxia or erythropoietin-secreting tumors
30
CM of polycythemia
```
Increased blood viscosity and hypercoagulopathy
Spleen enlargement
Heart murmurs
Thrombosis formation
Plethora
Headache
```
31
Alterations of Leukocyte Function- Quantitative disorders:
- Increases or decreases in cell numbers
- Bone marrow disorders or premature destruction of cells
- Response to infectious microorganism invasion
32
Leukocytosis
- Leukocytosis is a normal protective physiologic response to physiologic stressors, such as infectious microorganisms
- A high white cell count
33
Leukopenia
- Leukopenia is not normal and not beneficial
| - A low white cell count predisposes a patient to infections
34
Leukemia
- A malignant disorder in which the blood-forming organs lose control over cell division, causing an accumulation of dysfunctional blood cells.
- Uncontrolled proliferation of non-functional leukocytes crowds out normal cells from the bone marrow and decreases production of normal cells.
35
Leukemia Cause appears to be a genetic predisposition plus exposure to risk factors such as:
- Some disorders of the bone marrow and other organs that can progress to acute leukemias
- Some viruses
- Ionizing radiation in large doses
- Drugs
- Down syndrome and other congenital disorders
36
Classic leukemia symptoms:
```
Fatigue/Weakness
Loss of appetite
Bleeding
Fever
SOB
Weight loss
```
37
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
- Too many lymphoblasts
- Mostly occurs in children
Abrupt onset/Rapid progression
38
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
- Too many myeloblasts
- Most common adult leukemia
Abrupt onset/Rapid progression
39
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Too many blood cells made in bone marrow
Gradual onset/Slow progression
40
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
- Too many immature lymphocytes
- Most common adult leukemia in western world
Gradual onset/Slow progression
41
Lymphadenopathy
Enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender
42
Local lymphadenopathy
Drainage of an inflammatory lesion located near the enlarged node
43
General lymphadenopathy
Occurs in the presence of malignant or nonmalignant disease
44
Hodgkin Lymphoma
The presence of reed-sternberg cells in the lymph nodes
45
Etiology of Hodgkin Lymphoma
unknown
| EB virus
46
CM of Hodgkin Lymphoma
```
Painless lymphadenopathy
Mediastinal mass
Splenomegly
Abdominal mass
Fever
Weight loss
Night sweats
Pruritus
Anemia
```
47
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Generic term for a diverse group of lymphomas
48
Etiology of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
```
Genetic
Viral infections
Immunosuppresion
Radiation
H. Pylori
```
49
CM of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
```
Localized/generalized painless lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly
Fever
Weight loss
Night sweats
Fatigue
```
50
Disorders of Platelets
Thrombocytopenia
51
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet count <150,000/mm3
52
Causes of Thrombocytopenia
- Hypersplenism
- Autoimmune disease Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
- Viral or bacterial infections that cause Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
53
CM of Thrombocytopenia
```
Petechiae
Purpura
Mucosal bleeding
Gingival bleeding
Enlarged spleen or liver
Internal bleeding
Hemorrhage
```
54
Essential (primary) thrombocythemia (thrombocytosis)
Thrombocythemia is characterized by platelet counts >400,000/mm3
55
Causes of (primary) thrombocythemia (thrombocytosis)
```
ESSENTIAL= Myeloproliferative disorder of platelet precursor cells
REACTIVE= Secondary reaction
```
56
CM of (primary) thrombocythemia (thrombocytosis)
Thrombosis of arteries or veins
Hemorrhage
Neurological manifestations
H/A most common
57
Alterations of Coagulation
-Vitamin K deficiency
Vitamin K is necessary for synthesis and regulation of prothrombin, the procoagulant factors (VII, XI, X), and proteins C and S (anticoagulants).
```
-Liver disease
Liver disease causes a broad range of hemostasis disorders:
1. Defects in coagulation
2. Fibrinolysis
3. Platelet number and function
-Hemophilia A
-Von Willebrand Disease *MOST COMMON
-Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
```
