Hematological Disorders

Question 1

Diagnostic studies of the hematologist system

Answer 1

-Complete blood count
-PT, INR, aPTT, Platlets
-Hematocrit, Hemoglobin
-Radiological studies
-Biopsy
•bone marrow examination
•Lymph node biopsy
-Molecular cytogenetics and gene analysis

Question 2

Anemia; definition

Answer 2

A deficiency in the number of erythrocytes (RBCs), the quantity or quality of hemoglobin, and the volume of packed RBCs (hematocrit), or a combination of these.

Question 3

Anemia; diagnosis

Answer 3

Identified by history and physical examination, complete blood count.

Question 4

Iron deficiency anemia; NM

Answer 4

It is important to recognize groups of individuals who are at an increased risk for the development of iron deficiency anemia:
-premenopausal women and pregnant women
-People from low socioeconomic backgrounds
-Older adults
-Individuals experiencing blood loss

Question 5

Iron deficiency Anemia; CM

Answer 5

-Extreme fatigue
-Weakness
-Pale skin
-Chest pain, tachycardia or shortness of breath
-Headache, dizziness or lightheadedness
-Cold hands and feet
-Inflammation or soreness of your tongue
-Brittle nails

Question 6

Iron deficiency anemia; treatment

Answer 6

-Iron supplements
-Dietary adjustments

Question 7

Food high in iron

Answer 7

-Red meat, pork and poultry
-Seafood
-Beans
-Dark green leafy veggies
-dried fruit, raisins and apricots
-Iron fortified cereals, breads, and pastas
-Peas

Question 8

Thalassemia; definition

Answer 8

An inherited disorder of low hemoglobin

Question 9

Thalassemia; CM

Answer 9

-Fatigue
-Weakness
-Pale or yellowish skin
-Facial bone deformities
-Slow growth
-Abdominal swelling
-Dark urine

Question 10

Thalassemia; Tx

Answer 10

-Blood transfusion
-Monitor Hgb
-Chelation therapy

Question 11

Thalassemia; complications

Answer 11

-iron overloaded
-infection

Question 12

Megaloblastic Anemias

Answer 12

-The most common causes of megaloblastic anemia are deficiency of either cobalamin (Vitiman b12) or folate (Vitiman b9). These two vitimans serve as building blocks and are essential for the production of healthy cells such as the precursors to red blood cells.
-Red blood cells are large and not enough

Question 13

B12 deficiency; CM

Answer 13

-Pale yellow skin
-Glossitis
-Mouth ulcers
-Paresthesia
-Vision disturbances
-irritability
-depression

Question 14

Vitiman B9 (folate) deficiency; CM

Answer 14

-Tiredness
-Fatigue/lethargy
-Muscle weakness
-Neurological signs: paresthesia, burning, or peripheral neuropathy

Question 15

Acute blood loss; NM

Answer 15

-In the case of trauma, it may be impossible to prevent the situation leading to the blood loss.
-For postoperative clients carefully monitor the blood loss from various drainage tubes and dressings and implement appropriate actions

Question 16

Chronic blood loss; NM

Answer 16

-Sources of chronic blood loss are similar to those of iron-deficiency anemia (e.g bleeding ulcer, hemorrhoids, menstrual and post menopausal blood loss)
-Effects of chronic blood loss are usually related to the depletion of iron stores and are usually considered as iron deficiency anemia.

Question 17

Anemia cause by increased erythrocyte destruction (hemolytic anemia)

Answer 17

A condition caused by the destruction or hemolysis of RBCs at a rate that exceeds production

Question 18

Sickle cell disease; collaborative care

Answer 18

-Directed towards alleviating symptoms from complications of the disease, minimizing end-target organ damage, and promptly treating serious sequelae, such as acute chest syndrome.
-Teach clients to avoid high altitudes, extreme temperatures, minimize stress, maintain adequate fluid intake, and treat infections promptly.
-Pneumovax, influenza and hepatitis immunization should be administered

Question 19

Hemochromatosis

Answer 19

-An iron overload disorder
-Primarily chased by a genetic deficit, but occupies secondary to diseases such as sideroblastic anemia
-May also be cussed by liver disease and multiple blood transfusions
-Early tx can prevent serious complications

Question 20

Polycythemia

Answer 20

-Production and presence of increased number of RBCs
-increase in RBCs can be so great that blood circulation is impaired as a result of the increased blood viscosity (hyperviscosity) and volume (hypovolemia).

Question 21

Problems of Hemostasis

Answer 21

-Thrombo-cytopenia (low platelet count)
-Hemophilia and von Willebrand disease (inherited disorders of specific clotting factors)
-Disseminated intravascular coagulaiton (DIC)

Question 22

What is low platelets called

Answer 22

Thrombocytopenia

Question 23

What is high platelets called

Answer 23

Thrombocytosis

Question 24

What is leukopenia

Answer 24

Decreased leukocytes (I.e. in viral infections)

Question 25

What is neutropenia?

Answer 25

Decreased neutrophils (i.e. infection, cancer treatment)

Question 26

What is pancytopenia

Answer 26

Low levels of all 3 types of blood cells
-RBCs
-WBCs
-Platlets

Question 27

Causes of pancytopenia

Answer 27

-Diseases such as cancer, lupus, or bone marrow disease
-Infections
-Medicine side effects
-Environmental toxins, including radiation, benzene, or arsenic
-Chemotherapy or radiation treatments
-Autoimmune disorders
-Family history of blood disorders