HEMATOLOGY 1 Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
Discipline that studies the development and diseases of blood
Involves:
A
- HEMATOLOGY
- ANALYSES OF CONCENTRATION
- MORPHOLOGY & FUNCTION OF CELLS IN THE BLOOD
2
Q
Hematocrit; other RBC indices
A
CONCENTRATION
3
Q
Anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, blood volume, etc.
A
MORPHOLOGY
4
Q
Why do we need to understand the results of laboratory procedures?
A
- TO MONITOR EFFECTS OF THERAPY
- DETECT THE MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE FOLLOWING THERAPY
5
Q
Bacterial infection
A
NEUTROPHILIA
6
Q
Viral infection
A
NEUTROPENIA
7
Q
Macrophage in tissues (___ line of defense)
A
MONOCYTE
3RD
8
Q
Parasite infection & allergy
A
BASOPHILIA
9
Q
HISTORY
Athanasius Kircher: ___ - ___
A
1657
WORMS
10
Q
HISTORY
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: ___; ___ - ___
A
MICROSCOPE
1674
ACCOUNT OF RBCs
11
Q
HISTORY
Giulio Bizzozero: platelets - ___
A
PETITE PLAQUES
12
Q
HISTORY
James Homer Wright: ___ - ___
A
1902
WRIGHT STAIN
13
Q
HISTORY
1657 worms
A
ATHANASIUS KIRCHER
14
Q
HISTORY
Microscope; 1674 account of RBCs
A
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
15
Q
HISTORY
1902 Wright stain
A
JAMES HOMER WRIGHT
16
Q
3 Categories of Blood Cells:
A
- RBCs
- WBCs
- PLATELETS
17
Q
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma
A
WHOLE BLOOD
18
Q
Small white layer of cells lying between the packed cell volume & plasma (leukocytes & platelets)
A
BUFFY COAT
19
Q
Liquid portion of unclotted blood
Color: (due to ___)
A
- PLASMA
- HAZY / PALE YELLOW
- FIBRIN
20
Q
Fluid that remains after coagulation
Color:
A
- SERUM
- CLEAR & STRAW COLORED
21
Q
Red Blood Cells
Description:
Diameter:
Transports ___ & ___
Includes:
A
- ANUCLEATE, BICONCAVE, DISCOID CELLS FILLED W/ REDDISH PROTEIN (HEMOGLOBIN)
- 6-8 UM IN DIAMETER W/ ZONE OF PALLOR THAT OCCUPIES 1/3 OF THEIR CENTER
- TRANSPORTS OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE
- HEMOGLOBIN, HEMATOCRIT, RBC INDICES
22
Q
Anemia
A
INSUFFICIENT OF HEALTHY RBC
23
Q
Polycythemia Vera
A
TOO MANY RBC
24
Q
White Blood Cells
Description:
Function:
A
- LOOSELY RELATED CATEGORY OF CELL TYPES
- PROTECT HOST FROM INFECTION & INJURY
25
Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi
MICROBIOLOGY
26
1st line of defense
SKIN
27
2nd line of defense
WBCs
28
3rd line of defense
PLASMA CELLS, NK, MACROPHAGE, CYTOKINES
29
Leukopenia
LOW / DECREASED WBC COUNT
30
Leukocytosis
HIGH / INCREASED WBC COUNT
31
Leukemia
Examples:
* CANCER OF THE BLOOD
* ALL (ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA), AML (ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA)
32
Types of WBCs
1. NEUTROPHILS - BANDS
2. EOSINOPHILS
3. BASOPHILS
4. LYMPHOCYTES
5. MONOCYTES
33
Platelets
Includes:
Processes:
* MAINTAIN BLOOD VESSEL INTEGRITY BY INITIATING VESSEL WALL REPAIRS
* HOMEOSTASIS & THROMBOSIS
* ADHESION, SECRETION & AGGREGATION
34
Main function of platelets
STOP THE BLEEDING
35
Applicable safety practices required by the OSHA standard
SAFETY IN THE HEMATOLOGY LABORATORY
36
Main function of OSHA
TO ENSURE SAFE & HEALTHFUL WORKING CONDITIONS FOR WORKER BY SETTING THE STANDARD
37
Original term
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
38
OSHA's current terminology
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
39
Pathogenic microorganisms that when present in human blood, can cause disease
Love to stay at ___ where they can ___, ___, and ___
Include but not limited to ___, ___, ___
* BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS
* BODY TEMPERATURE (37 degC)
* PROPAGATE, NOURISH THEMSELVES, AND REPRODUCE
* HBV, HCV, HIV
40
Most common sites for venipuncture
SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF ANTECUBITAL FOSSA
41
Skin puncture
Mixture of blood from:
May generate:
* NEWBORNS & PEDIATRICS, GERIATRIC, BURNED PATIENTS
* VENULES, ARTERIOLES, CAPILLARIES, & INTERSTITIAL & INTRACELLULAR FLUIDS
* SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT TEST RESULTS
42
Collection Sites:
Under 1 year old:
Children older than 1 / Adults:
* LATERAL / MEDIAL PLANTAR SURFACE OF HEEL
* PALMAR SURFACE OF THE DISTAL PORTION OF THE 3RD / 4TH FINGER
43
Capillary blood:
More glucose ___
More leukocytes ___
Lower rbc count & hemoglobin value ___
Lower platelet count
RBCs are more fragile
* 10-20 mg/dL
* up to 1000/uL
* 5%
44
Capillary blood:
More ___, ___, ___
Lower ___ & ___, ___
* GLUCOSE, LEUKOCYTES, FRAGILE
* RBC COUNT & HEMOGLOBIN VALUE, PLATELET COUNT
45
Prenatal Hematopoiesis
Most are ___ (___)
* ERYTHROID
* MORE RBC THAN WBC & PLATELETS
46
I. Mesoblastic Stage
Period:
Formation of ___ in ___
Aggregation of ___
Occurs:
Development of ___ - produces ___
* 19TH DAY OF GESTATION
* BLOOD ISLANDS, YOLK SAC
* PRIMITIVE CELLS
* INTRAVASCULARLY
* PRIMITIVE ERYTHROBLAST (PE), HEMOGLOBIN
47
Future blood vessels
ANGIOBLAST
48
I. Mesoblastic Stage
Types of Hemoglobin
Produced during:
1. GOWER I
2. GOWER II
3. PORTLAND
* EMBRYONIC PHASE
49
II. Hepatic Stage
Period:
Recognizable clusters of developing ___, ___, & ___
___ start to appear; ___
Occurs:
* 4-5 GESTATIONAL WEEKS
* ERYTHROBLAST, GRANULOCYTE, & MONOCYTES
* LYMPHOID CELLS, LIFETIME
* EXTRAVASCULARLY
50
Significant Contributions of Other Organs:
A. Thymus -
B. Kidney -
C. Spleen - active in:
___ - until the end of ___
___ - becomes minimal by the ___ month
___ - lifetime
D. Lymph nodes - ___, ___, ___, ___, & ___
* T CELL (CELLULAR)
* B CELL (HUMORAL)
* ERYTHROPOIESIS
* MYELOPOIESIS
* LYMPHOPOIESIS
* NRBCs (NUCLEATED RBCs), GRANULOCYTES, MONOCYTES, LYMPHOCYTES, & MEGAKARYOCYTES
51
First fully developed organ
THYMUS
52
II. Hepatic Stage
Hemoglobins:
1. Hb A
2. Hb A2
3. Hb F
53
III. Medullary / Myeloid Phase
Period:
Occurs in:
* 5TH MONTH OF FETAL LIFE
* MEDULLA / INNER PART OF BONE MARROW
54
Ratio of myeloid to erythroid by ___ of gestation
* 3:1
* 21ST WEEK
55
By the 6th month, hematopoietic main site → production of hematopoietic phase
LONG SHAFT OF THE BONES
56
Begins to appear & gradually ___ in concentration
* Hb A1
* INCREASES
57
III. Medullary / Myeloid Phase
Already Measurable in this Phase (through special lab tests):
1. EPO (Erythropoietin)
2. G-CSF (Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor)
3. GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
4. Hb F
5. Hb A2
58
Chief site of Mesoblastic Stage
YOLK SAC
59
Chief site of Hepatic Stage
Fetal:
* LIVER
* 3RD MONTH OF DEVELOPMENT
60
Chief site of Medullary / Myeloid Phase
RED BONE MARROW
61
Totipotent
Occurs:
* DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYO TO FETUS
* FEW HOURS AFTER OVUM FERTILIZES
62
Pluripotent
Present:
* AFTER SEVERAL DAYS OF FERTILIZATION
* ANY CELL TYPE EXCEPT FETUS
63
Multipotent
Derived from:
* PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL
* LIMITED TO SPECIFIC TYPE OF CELLS TO FORM THE TISSUE
64
Involved in the proliferation and maturation of blood cells
ADULT HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE
65
Long bone that is responsible for the development of blood production
BONE MARROW
66
Bone Marrow
Made up of:
In this cavity develops a ___
* OSTEOBLAST - BONE FORMING CELL
OSTEOCLAST - BONE RESORBING CELLS
* PRIMITIVE, UNDIFFERENTIATED CELL KNOWN AS HEMACYTOBLAST / STEM CELLS
* ONLY mature cells are released normally
67
ALL blood formed elements ultimately develop from this undifferentiated precursor
BONE MARROW
68
A delicate balance exists between developing bone marrow space ___ (honeycomb like space) and the developing infant’s need for blood cells and the liver or spleen remains available because of its hematopoietic capability
* 1st few years of life
* TRABECULAR BONE
69
Rate of bone marrow growth exceeds the need for blood cells. Therefore, active marrow sites are replaced with areas of fatty reserve and fat first develops in the long bones
4th year of life
70
The only active hematopoietic sites are in the pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, scapulae, sternum, skull, and proximal extremities of the long bones
18th year of life
71
Main difference between Red Marrow & Yellow Marrow
RED MARROW - HEMATOPOIETICALLY ACTIVE BONES
YELLOW MARROW - HEMATOPOIETICALLY INACTIVE BONES
72
Site of blood cell development
RED MARROW
73
Mixture of adipose tissue (adipocytes), undifferentiated mesenchymal cells & macrophage
YELLOW MARROW
74
Blast
First recognizable precursor in each cell line
75
Central Space
Due to resorption of cartilage and endosteal bone
76
Infancy and Early Childhood:
5-7 y.o.:
* RED MARROW ARE ACTIVE
* ADIPOCYTES MORE ACTIVE
77
Process replacing the active marrow by the adipose tissue during development
RETROGRESSION
78
Primary Lymphoid Tissues:
Secondary Lymphoid Tissues:
* BONE MARROW & THYMUS
& WHERE T & B CELLS ARE DERIVED
* LYMPHOID BECOME COMPETENT
79
Blood cell production in hematopoietic tissue other than bone marrow (outside the bone marrow)
Principally occurs in liver and spleen (just like in fetus) lymph nodes and thymus
EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS
