HISTOPATHOLOGY Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Process
A
RECEIVING > NUMBERING > LOGBOOK
NAME & AGE OF PATIENT
ATTENDING PHYSICIAN
INITIAL DIAGNOSIS
TYPE OF SPECIMEN
> PATHOLOGIST: GROSSS EXAM (COLOR, CONSISTENCY, GROSS WEIGHT) > DISSECTION > TISSUE CASETTES
MEASURE > CUTTING > MEDTECH: PROCESS
2
Q
Occurs once fixative penetrates the tissues
A
FIXATION
3
Q
Primary Goal of Fixation:
A
TO PRESERVE TISSUES AS CLOSE TO THE ORIGINAL AS POSSIBLE
4
Q
Secondary Goals of Fixation:
A
- TO HARDEN SPECIMEN TO FACILITATE EASY CUTTING INTO THIN SLICES
- TO PROTECT TISSUE FROM TRAUMA OF FURTHER HANDLING
5
Q
Factors Involves in Fixation:
A
- THICKNESS/SIZE
- pH OF FIXATIVE
- OSMOLALITY
- CONCENTRATION OF FIXATIVE
- CORRECT VOLUME
- TIME AND DURATION OF FIXATION
- TEMPERATURE
6
Q
Thicker = ___ fixation time
A
LONGER
7
Q
Required size of tissue in fixation
A
3 x 2 cm
8
Q
Required thickness of tissue in fixation
A
3-5 mm
9
Q
Thickness of lungs tissue in fixation
A
1-2 cm
10
Q
Ideal pH of fixative
A
6-8
11
Q
Osmolality: by the book
A
SLIGHTLY HYPERTONIC
12
Q
Osmolality: in practice
A
ISOTONIC
13
Q
Osmolality: cell swelling
A
HYPOTONIC
14
Q
Osmolality: cell shrinkage
A
HYPERTONIC
15
Q
Concentrated solution = ___
A
DAMAGING
16
Q
-We dilute to produce 10% solution
A
10% FORMALIN
17
Q
Need to dilute
A
GLUTARALDEHYDE
18
Q
Penetration rate of formalin
A
1 mm/hr
19
Q
Maximum effective fixation
A
20x THE VOLUME OF SPECIMEN
20
Q
Osmium tetroxide
A
5-10x THE VOLUME OF SPECIMEN
21
Q
Ratio of fixative to specimen
A
15-20:1
22
Q
Usual time and duration of fixation
A
24-48 HOURS
23
Q
Temperature: EM & histochemistry
A
0-4 degC
24
Q
Temperature: Autotechnicon
A
40 degC
25
Temperature: Manual
ROOM TEMPERATURE
26
Factors to be Considered when choosing the Right Fixative:
1. URGENCY OF THE CASE / NEED FOR IMMEDIATE EXAM
2. TYPE OF TISSUE TO BE PROCESSED
3. TISSUE STRUCTURE TO BE STUDIED
4. STAINING TECHNIQUE TO BE APPLIED
5. TYPE OF SECTION TO BE MADE
27
Needs to use fixative that is fast-acting
URGENT BIOPSY
28
Commonly used bc rapid in action
FORMALIN
29
Brain tissues for diagnosis of rabies
CARNOY'S & ACETONE
30
Do not use for kidneys
BOUIN'S
31
Best for preserving Glycogen
PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES LIKE BRASIL'S FLUID
32
For enzymes (lipases & phosphatases)
Do not use for fats bc it dissolves fats
ACETONE
33
Routine staining
Compatible with many fixatives
H&E STAINING
34
Inhibit hematoxylin
OSMIUM TETROXIDE
35
Type of Section to be Made:
SERIAL / INDIVIDUAL
36
Factors that Prolong Fixation Time:
1. COLD TEMPERATURE
2. PRESENCE OF BLOOD & MUCUS IN THE SPECIMEN
3. SIZE & THICKNESS OF SPECIMEN
4. PRESENCE OF FATS
37
Remedy for Presence of blood & mucus in the specimen
WASH THE TISSUE WITH NSS
38
Remedy for Presence of fats
CUT THEM THINLY TO ENSURE RAPID ENTRY OF FIXATIVE
39
Factors that Accelerate Fixation:
1. SIZE & THICKNESS OF TISSUE
2. HEAT APPLICATION
3. AGITATION
40
Smaller = ___ fixation time
SHORTER
41
Continuous agitation → ___
RAPID ENTRY OF FIXATIVE TO TISSUE
42
Faster fixation time than manual method
AUTOTECHNICON
43
Problems in Fixation:
Loss of Substance Soluble in Fixing Agent - ___
WRONG CHOICE OF FIXATIVE
44
Problems in Fixation:
Too hard/brittle - ___
OVERFIXATION
45
Problems in Fixation:
Too soft - ___
INADEQUATE FIXATION
46
Problems in Fixation:
Presence of artifacts - ___
INADEQUATE WASHING
47
Problems in Fixation:
___ - Wrong choice of fixative
LOSS OF SUBSTANCE SOLUBLE IN FIXING AGENT
48
Problems in Fixation:
___ - Overfixation
TOO HARD/BRITTLE
49
Problems in Fixation:
___ - Inadequate fixation
TOO SOFT
50
Problems in Fixation:
___ - Inadequate washing
PRESENCE OF ARTIFACTS
51
Types of Fixatives as to Mechanism of Action:
ADDITIVE
NON-ADDITIVE
52
Binds to tissue, becomes part of the tissue
ADDITIVE
53
ALL EXCEPT ___ are Additives
ACETONE & ALCOHOL
54
Does not bind / become part of the tissue
NON-ADDITIVE
55
Types of Fixative as to Action / Purpose:
1. HISTOCHEMICAL
2. CYTOLOGICAL
3. MICROANATOMICAL
56
Preserve chemical components like enzymes (phosphatase, lipase)
HISTOCHEMICAL
57
Acid mucopolysaccharides, acid mucins
HISTOCHEMICAL
58
Preserve all parts of the cell (nucleus / cytoplasm)
CYTOLOGICAL
59
Nuclear Fixatives:
CARNOY'S
BOUIN'S
NEWCOMER'S
HEIDENHAIN'S SUSA
FLEMMING'S W/ HAc
60
Cytoplasmic Fixatives:
REGAUD'S / MOLLER'S
ORTH'S
FORMALIN W/ POST CHROMING
FLEMMING'S W/O HAc
61
General microscopic study of tissue structures w/o altering structural pattern & normal intercellular relationship of tissues
Preserve tissues & cells as a whole
MICROANATOMICAL
62
Prepare 1 liter of 10% Formalin
100 mL of 37-40% FORMALIN + 900 mL DISTILLED WATER
63
Types of Fixatives as to Active Component Substance:
1. FORMALDEHYDE / FORMALIN
2. GLUTARALDEHYDE
3. MERCURIC CHLORIDE
4. CHROMATE
5. LEAD
6. PICRIC ACID
64
CNS & post mortem tissues
NSS used to dilute
10% FORMAL SALINE
65
Same but sodium phosphate is added as buffer to preserve tissues w/ iron pigments
10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN
66
Sputum specimens & microincineration technique
Ethanol + Glacial acetic acid + Formaldehyde
ALCOHOLIC FORMALIN / GENDRES
66
Lipids & neutral phospholipids
Formalin + Mercuric chloride
FORMOL CORROSIVE / FORMOL SUBLIMATE
67
For EM
GLUTARALDEHYDE
68
Small tissue fragments / needle biopsies
2.5% SOLUTION
69
Larger tissues, >4 mm thick
4% SOLUTION
70
Most common metallic
Trichrome staining & tissue photography
MERCURIC CHLORIDE FIXATIVE
71
Disadvantage: Leave black mercury deposits
MERCURIC CHLORIDE FIXATIVE
72
Liver spleen, CT & nuclei
ZENKER'S FLUID
73
Bone marrow
B5
74
Tumor skin biopsies
HEIDENHAIN'S SUSA
75
Pituitary gland, BM, spleen, liver
HELLY'S FLUID / ZENKER FORMOL / FORMOL ZENKER
76
3 Types of Metallic Fixative:
1. MERCURIC CHLORIDE
2. LEAD
3. CHROMIC
77
Carbohydrates
1-2% CHROMIC ACID
78
Lipids, mitochondria
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE 3%
79
Mitochondria, RBC, & colloid containing tissues
REGAUD'S FLUID / MOLLER
80
Rickettsia & other bacteria, tissue necrosis
ORTH'S FLUID
81
Acid mucopolysaccharide
LEAD
82
Excellent for glycogen determination
PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES
83
Versatile but impart a yellow color
PICRIC ACID
84
Under picric acid as main ingredient
Embryos, pituitary biopsies & endometrial curettings
Not for kidney structures
Not compatible w/ Feulgen's
BOUIN'S
85
Touch preparations
95% ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
86
Solidifies at 17 degC
Contraindicated for cytoplasmic fixation
Combination w/ other fixatives to produce a compound fixative
GLACIAL ACETIC ACID
87
Ice cold temperature
ACETONE
88
Most rapid fixative
Chromosomes & lymph glands
CARNOY'S
89
Mucopolysaccharides & nuclear protein
NEWCOMER'S
90
Alcohol Fixatives:
ETHANOL
METHANOL
IPA / ISOPROPYL
CARNOY'S
NEWCOMER'S
91
Picric Acid Fixatives:
BOUIN'S
BRASIL'S
HOLLANDE'S
92
For Electron Microscopy:
OSMIUM TETROXIDE
GLUTARALDEHYDE
PARAFORMALDEHYDE
93
Fixation Methods:
1. PHYSICAL METHOD
HEAT FIXATION
MICROWAVE TECHNIQUE
2. CHEMICAL METHOD
94
Thermal coagulation of proteins
HEAT FIXATION
95
Typical, immerse in chemical fixatives
CHEMICAL METHOD
96
Fixative & dehydrating
Phosphatases & lipases
ACETONE
97
Disadvantage: Evaporates easily & dissolves fats
ACETONE
