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N232 - FINAL EXAM > HEMATOLOGY > Flashcards

HEMATOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

a complete blood count that is routinely ordered by the HCP

A

Hemogram Blood Test

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2
Q

a test that measures the cells that make up blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin,
hematocrit and platelets

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

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3
Q

Normal range of RBCs For FEMALES

A

4.2 – 5.4 million/ul

Hint- 4+2=6 and 5+4=9—69 haaaay

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4
Q

Normal range of RBCs For MALES

A

4.7 – 6.1 million/ul

Hint 4+7=11 and 6+1=7—–7/11 haaaaay

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5
Q

Decreased levels of RBCS,H+H could indicate possible _____ or _____.

A

*Anemia or Hemorrhage

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6
Q

Increased levels of RBCS, H+h indicate possible _____ or ______.

A

*Chronic Hypoxia or Polycythemia

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7
Q

Normal Hemoglobin for females?

A

*12-16

Think of oxygen and the normal range for RR

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8
Q

Normal hemoglobin for males?

A

*14-18

Think of oxygen and the normal range for RR

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9
Q

Normal Hematocrit for females?

A

*37-47%

Think midlife crisis/Hematocrisis, which is around this age range

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10
Q

Normal Hematocrit for males?

A

*42-52%

Think midlife crisis/Hematocrisis, which is around this age range

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11
Q

Normal range for MCV – Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) measures what and is useful for what?

A
  • 80-95 fL
  • Size of RBCs
  • Useful for classifying Anemias
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12
Q

Microcytic means RBCS are _____. What will the MCV look like? What two things could this signify?

A
  • RBCs are small
  • MCV will be decreased
  • IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA and SICKLE CELL DISEASE
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13
Q

Macrocytic means RBCs are _____. What will the MCV look like? What three things could this signify?

A
  • RBCs are enlarged
  • MCV will be increased
  • Folate deficiency, B-12 deficiency, Pernicious anemia
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14
Q

Blood test to see how much iron is in the blood

A

Total Iron Binding capacity (TIBC)

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15
Q

Normal TIBC range? What does it mean when its increased/decreased.

A
  • 240-450
  • When increased - Iron stores are DIMINISHED
  • When decerased - iron stores are INCREASED
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16
Q

____ is a blood protein that contains iron. Shows how much iron the body is storing.

A

Ferritin – (low signifies iron deficiency

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17
Q

White blood cells (WBC) or ______, normal range? What is considered high and what will this be seen in?

A
  • Leukocytes
  • 4,000-11,000
  • 20,000 to 100,000 - leukemia
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18
Q

Normal MCHC or mean corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration? What does this measure?

A
  • 32-36

* Measures % of HgB in single RBC

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19
Q

Normal Platelet/Thrombocyte range?

A

Thrombocyte (platelets) -150,000 – 450,000 mcL

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20
Q

Hemoglobin that warrants transfusion?

A

7

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21
Q

Someone With Iron Deficiency Anemia would have Low____ and Elevated ______

A

*Low Iron and Elevated TIBC

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22
Q

Most common Anemia, occurring in 1 in 8 people is _____. In developing countries What two things cause this? In the US? common in ___ and ___.

A
  • Iron Deficiency Anemia
  • Vegetarian diet and Hook worm
  • Gastric issues - ulcers, bleeding et.
  • Pregnant and Menstruating women
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23
Q

4 Symptoms of severe or prolonged iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • Smooth red tongue
  • Brittle and riggid nails
  • angular cheilosis
  • Fatigue/exercise intolerance
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24
Q

For best absorption of Iron pair with a source of _____ . Two examples?

A
  • Vitamin C

* Strawberries and Tomatoes

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25
Q

Oral Iron is absorbed in the _____. What can happen because of this?

A
  • Small intestine

* GI irritation

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26
Q

What food/drinks will cause iron to not be absorbed if taken with it? (4 options)

A

*Eggs, Milk, Coffee, Tea

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27
Q

Iron must be given two hours apart from which 5 medications?

A
  • Antacids
  • Tetracyclines
  • Ofloxicin
  • Cimetidine
  • Ciprofloxacin

ATOCC

28
Q

IDA will show a Serum ferritin values are less than ___. What is the normal value?

A

*10 ng/ml

normal value 12ng/mL – 300ng/mL

29
Q

Results in failure to activate the enzyme that moves folic acid into precursor RBC cells so that cell division and growth into functional RBCs can occur.

A

*Vitamin B-12 Deficiency (Not consuming enough B-12)

30
Q

5 Risk factors for Vitamin B-12 Deficiency?

A
  • Family History
  • Stomach issues (removal, chrons)
  • Vegetarian diet
  • Older
  • Medications (Metformin, PPIs, H2 blockers)
31
Q

5 risk factors for folic acid deficiency

A
  • DIET-lacking green leafy vegetables, fresh fruits, fortified cereals etc..
  • ALCHOL
  • Diseases of lower digestive track (Celiac, chrons, cancer)
  • Medications - seizure meds
  • Pregnancy
32
Q

4 routes of administration of Folic Acid, which one is used for malabsorption?

A
  • PO,SC,IM,IV

* IM for malabsorption

33
Q

Damage to bone marrow – body stops producing RBCs..What kind of anemia is this? What does this lead to? What two things are these clients prone to?

A
  • Aplastic Anemia
  • Pancytopenia
  • INFECTION and uncontrolled bleeding
34
Q

______can be done to detect pancytopenia which is a when what is low?

A
  • Bone Marrow Biopsy

* Low RBC, WBC, and platelets

35
Q

3 treatments for Aplastic Anemia?

A
  • Transfusions of *PRBC and PLATELETS
  • Stem Cell Transplant
  • Medications
36
Q

3 medications used to treat aplastic anemia

A

*early antibiotics for infections
*Corticosteroids
*Bone Marrow (Colony Stimulating factors
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents)

37
Q

An inherited red blood cell disorder with abnormal HGB

A

Sick Cell Disease

38
Q

Sick Cell Disease has a _____ pattern of inheritance., If both parents have the trai the child has a _____ chance of inheriting the disease

A
  • Autosomal recessive

* 1 in 4 chance

39
Q

Sickled Cells are _____ and _____ causing them to clump together. The clumped masses _____ ______ leading to what kind of event?

A
  • Sticky and fragile
  • Clog Blood vessels
  • VOE or vaso occlusive event.
40
Q

One of the main manifistations of Sickle cell Crisis?

A

PAIN

41
Q

Factors that increase Sickling?

  • Blood oxygen related?
  • Fluids?
  • Immunity?
  • Blood flow?
  • Reproductive?
  • Diet?
  • Environtmental (2 things)
A
  • Hypoxia
  • Dehydration
  • Infection
  • Venous Stasis
  • Pregnancy
  • Alcohol
  • High altitudes, Low/High temps (body or environmental..
42
Q 
Clinical manifestations of sickle cell by system.
*pain? 
Resp
*CV?
*Skin? (3 things)
*GI
*GU
*Reproductive
*Musculoskeletal
*CNS (3 things)
A
  • Severe Pain
  • acute chest syndrome
  • heart failure symptoms
  • Pallor, Jaundice, Cyanosis
  • Damage to Spleen and liver
  • Kidney/urinary changes
  • Priapism
  • Joint swelling/pain
  • Low grade fever/seizures/manifestations of stroke
43
Q

Treatment for Sickle Cell CRISIS

A
  • HOP
  • HYDRATION (Hypotonic)/E-lytes/Blood transfusion
  • O2/Bedrest to decrease O2 demand
  • PAIN RELIEF
44
Q

5 Medications used in treatment for SICKLE CELL

A
  • Fever reducers
  • Pain relievers/oral analgesics
  • Oral Antibiotics
  • Hydroxyurea (watch for infection)
  • Folic Acid
45
Q

Prevention of Sickle Cell Complications - FARMS

A
  • Fluid,Fever, Food (hydrate, report to doc if fever, , Balanced meals)
  • Air - Avoid situations with decreased O2 (airplanes, High altitudes)/
  • Rest
  • Medication - adherence
  • Situations- avoid smoking/alcohol, Getting too hot or too cold, infection.
46
Q

what kind of activity should be avoided with sickle cell?

A

Contact sports

47
Q

Cancer with uncontrolled production of immature white blood cells (WBCs). What are these WBCs unable to do?

A
  • Leukemia

* unable to provide protection from infection

48
Q

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
_______ to produce immature white blood cells (called _______). very high or low________, and______red blood cellsandplatelets.

A

MOST COMMON

  • Bone marrow
  • myelobasts
  • High/low WBC count
  • Low RBC and platelets
49
Q

second most common type of leukemia in adults. Bone marrow makes too many maturelymphocytes. What type is this?

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

50
Q

a slowly progressing disease in which too many mature white blood cells are made in the bone marrow.

A

Chonic myelogenous leukemia

51
Q

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
_____ makes too many immature_____. White blood cells can be ____ and oftentimes the platelets and red blood cells are ____. More common in _____

A
  • Bone Marrow
  • Lymphocytes
  • Low/High WBC
  • Low RBC/Platelets
  • More common in children
52
Q

What are some of the 1st signs of Leukemia?

A
  • ANEMIA

- Pallor, Low grade Fever and lethargy

53
Q

the________is responsible not only for all nonlymphoid white blood cells, but also for the production of red blood cells and platelets.

A

myeloid stem cell

54
Q

petechiae and bleeding from mucus membranes is a sign of what in leukemia

A

Thrombocytopenia

55
Q

In Leukemia what two parts of GI system become enlarged and what 3 things does this lead to?

A
  • Spleen and LIver
  • N/V
  • ABD pain
  • Anorexia
56
Q

In lukemia _____ invade the bone leading to bone and joint pain..this can lead to?

A
  • Lymphocytes

* Leukopenia

57
Q

what 3 labs may be low in Leukemia and why?

A
  • H+H
  • Platelets
  • Fibrinogen/clotting factors

*overcrowding of bone marrow of nonfunctional cells, reducing production of normal blood cells.

58
Q

Symptoms of leukemia using ANT acronym and risks.

A

A-Anemia - reduced hemoglobin (Fatigue)
N-Neutropenia - reduced neutrophils increase risk of infection
T-Thrombocytopenia- reduced platelets increase risk of bleeding.

59
Q

Definitive test for leukemia? Where is this done? What are three other diagnostic tests that can be done?

A
  • Bone marrow biopsy/Aspiration of illiac crest

* Xray of long bones, Lumbar puncture, CBC

60
Q

A beefy, red, sore tongue is a characteristic indicator of _____anemia. What are two kinds?

A
  • Macrocytic

* B12 and Folate

61
Q

Hodgkin’s disease usually presents as ______enlarged lymph nodes. The diagnosis is made by _____.

A
  • PAINLESS

* Lymphnode biopsy

62
Q

Staging
I – Limited to _______
II – ___ or more lymph nodes on the ______ of diaphragm
III – Found on _______he diaphragm
IV – Found in________in addition to the lymph nodes

A
  • Stage 1 - Single node
  • Stage 2- 2 or more nodes on SAME side as diaphragm
  • Stage 3 - found on both sides of diaphragm
  • Stage 4 - Found in one or more organs in addition to lymph nodes
63
Q

How is hodgkins classified Vs Non- Hodgkins? Which one is more contagious? Which one is more survivable

A
  • Reed-Sternberg Cells are found with Hodgkins
  • Hodgkins is more contagious
  • Both are survivable but Hodgkins has a higher survival rate.
64
Q

How are the both Hodgkins/Non-Hodgkins treated?

A
  • Outpatient care- except for complications

* Chemotheraputics/radiation

65
Q

What are two complications that will require hospitalization for Hodgkins?

A
  • Infection

* Respiratory compromise

N232 - FINAL EXAM (4 decks)

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