Hematology

Question 1

What waste is carried from tissues to the kidneys?

Answer 1

CO2

Question 2

How does blood regulate body temperature?

Answer 2

Moves heat from deep tissues to the surface to cool it down

Question 3

What controls water balance?

Answer 3

Kidneys

Question 4

What are the 4 components of blood?

Answer 4

1. Plasma
2. Erythrocytes (RBC)
3. Leukocytes (WBC)
4. Thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 5

What makes up plasma?

Answer 5

1. water (90%)
2. plasma proteins
3. serum

Question 6

What is the function of plasma?

Answer 6

Bathes all cells in the body and protects them the external environment and stabilizes pH

Question 7

What are the 2 plasma proteins?

Answer 7

1. Albumin
2. Globulin

Question 8

Albumin

Answer 8

• produced by the liver
• keeps fluid inside the vascular system
• important for binding and transporting through the body

Question 9

What are the 3 different globulin proteins?

Answer 9

1. Alpha and Beta
2. Gamma

Question 10

What do Alpha and Beta globulins do?

Answer 10

• produced by liver
• essential for blood clotting
• used to transport stuff in the body

Question 11

What do gamma globulins do?

Answer 11

• produced by plasma cells and lymphocytes when antigens are present
• immunity and resistance to disease
• IgG

Question 12

What is serum?

Answer 12

plasma without the clotting factors

Question 13

What is hemoglobin made of?

Answer 13

1 protein globulin
4 non-protein heme

Question 14

What is attached to one hemoglobin molecule?

Answer 14

• 4 iron molecules (one per heme)
• each iron molecule can carry one oxygen molecule

Question 15

How is RBC production regulated?

Answer 15

Erythropoietin produced by the kidneys

Question 16

How long is a RBC’s lifecycle?

Answer 16

90-120 days

Question 17

How is hemoglobin broken down in the body?

Answer 17

• hemoglobin is released from old RBC and the heme and globin are broken down separately

Question 18

How is globin broken down?

Answer 18

recycled into amino acids to make new proteins

Question 19

How is heme broken down?

Answer 19

• iron is removed
• heme is broken down into biliverdin
• biliverdin is broken down to bilirubin

Question 20

How is bilirubin removed from the body?

Answer 20

• broken down into bilinogen and urobilinogen
• bilinogen is expelled in feces
• urobilinogen is expelled in urine

Question 21

What are Howell-Jolly bodies on RBC?

Answer 21

nuclear remnants

Question 22

What are Heinz bodies on RBC?

Answer 22

denatured hemoglobin

Question 23

What do Neutrophils do?

Answer 23

• first line of defense against infection
• can break down necrotic tissue

Question 24

What causes Neutrophilia?

Answer 24

acute infection

Question 25

What do Eosinophils do?

Answer 25

- ingests products of antibodies and antigens - attracted to allergic or anaphylactic reactions - anti parasitic, phagocytic, bactericidal

Question 26

What do Basophils do?

Answer 26

- releases histamine - causes inflammation and allergic reactions -releases heparin

Question 27

What do Lymphocytes do?

Answer 27

- immunity

Question 28

What are antigens?

Answer 28

- substance that elicits specific immune response when present in the body - has external protein flags

Question 29

What are antibodies?

Answer 29

specialized protein produced in response to an antigen

Question 30

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

Answer 30

- IgG and IgM - IgE - IgA - IgD

Question 31

IgG and IgM Antibodies

Answer 31

Immunity against bacteria and viruses

Question 32

IgE Antibodies

Answer 32

allergic responses

Question 33

IgA Antibodies

Answer 33

- protects GI, urogenital, and respiratory tracts

Question 34

IgD Antibodies

Answer 34

- present on the surface of some lymphocytes (b-lymphs) - initiate humoral immune response

Question 35

T-Lymphocytes

Answer 35

- function in cell mediated immunity - does not secrete antibodies

Question 36

How do T-lymphs effect antigens?

Answer 36

- have antigen receptors on surface - effective against cells that have antibodies on the cell surface

Question 37

B-Lymphocytes

Answer 37

- humoral immunity - deals with antibodies in the blood, plasma, and lymph

Question 38

How to B-lymphs react to antigens?

Answer 38

- antibody production and release into blood and lymph against various antigens