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HDM Midterm > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

hematopoiesis

A

development of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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2
Q

erythropoiesis

A

development of RBCs

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3
Q

leukopoiesis

A

development of WBCs

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4
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

development of platelets

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5
Q

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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6
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

10 days

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7
Q

What is formed in red bone marrow in an adult?

A

erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets; sometimes lymphocytes

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8
Q

Where are lymphocytes formed?

A

red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues

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9
Q

When does the yolk-sac phase of hematopoiesis begin?

A

3rd week gestation (1st trimester)

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10
Q

What is the yolk sac phase of hemopoiesis characterized by?

A

formation of hematopoietic islands

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11
Q

What happens in the second trimester in relation to hematopoisis?

A

continues in the liver and spleen

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12
Q

When does the bone marrow become the primary site of hematopoiesis?

A

7th month

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13
Q

What is the major blood forming organ in the fetus during second trimester?

A

liver

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14
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place after birth?

A

red bone marrow and some lymphatic tissue

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15
Q

monophyletic theory of hematopoiesis

A

blood cells are derived from a common hematopoietic stem cell

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16
Q

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is also known as what?

A

pluripotential stem cell (PPSC)

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17
Q

What do HSCs do?

A

differentiate into all the blood cell lineages, self-renewal, non-blood cell lineage differentiation, contribute to cellular regeneration of various tissues and organs

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18
Q

Where are HSCs during embryonic development?

A

circulation to undergo tissue-specific differentiation in different organs

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19
Q

Where have HSCs been isolated from?

A

umbilical cord blood, fetal liver, fetal and adult bone marrow

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20
Q

What are the multipotential progenitor cells that are descendants of HSCs?

A

common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cells and common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cells

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21
Q

What do CMP cells differentiate into?

A 
MEP = megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor cells
GMP = granulocyte/monocyte progenitor cells
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22
Q

What do MEPs differentiate into?

A

megakaryocyte-committed progenitor cells (MEP, CFU-Meg)

erythrocyte-committed (ErP, CFU-E)

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23
Q

What do GMPs differentiate into?

A 
neutrophil progenitors (NoP, CFU-G)
eosinophil progenitors (EoP, CFU-Eo)
basophil progenitors (BP, CFU-Ba)
monocyte progenitors (MoP, CFU-M)
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24
Q

What develops from common lymphoid progenitor cells (CLP)?

A

lymphocytes (T cells, B cells) and natural killer cells

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25
Q

What cells differentiate into erythrocytes?

A

CMP cells to MEP cells under the influence of erythropoietin, IL-3, and IL-4

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26
Q

What is erythropoiesis regulated by?

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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27
Q

When is EPO secreted?

A

low oxygen saturation

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28
Q

What does EPO target?

A

surface receptors of ErP

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29
Q

What is required for terminal differentiation to erythroid lineage?

A

GATA-1

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30
Q

proerythroblast

A

relatively large cell with a large, spherical nucleus with 1-2 nucleoli
cytoplasm is basophilic

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31
Q

basophilic erythroblast

A

small nucleus, cytoplasm with strong basophilia (polyribosomes synthesize Hb)
accumulation of Hb gradually changes staining reaction (eosin)

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32
Q

polychromatophilic erythroblast

A

acidophilic and basophilic staining of cytoplasm
can have distinct pink and purple regions, or blend to gray or lilac color
nucleus is smaller than basophilic erythroblast and heterchromatin can have checkerboard pattern

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33
Q

orthochromatophilic erythroblast (normoblast)

A

increaased acidophilic cytoplasm and dense nucleus
slightly larger than mature RBC
no longer capable of division
will extrude nucleus and pass into sinusoids

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34
Q

polychromatophilic erythrocyte

A

slight basophilia to typically eosinophilic cells
few polyribosomes synthesizing Hb retained
special stains highlight polyribosomes, reticulocytes
1-2% of total RBC count

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35
Q

What increases if RBCs increase?

A

reticulocytes

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36
Q

What is the progression of erythropoiesis?

A

erythropoietin-sensitive erythrocyte-committed progenitors (ErP/CFU-E)–>proerythroblast (promonoblast) –> basophilic erythroblast (basophilic normoblast) –> polychromatophilic erythroblast (polychromatophilic normoblast) –> orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast) –> polychromatic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)

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37
Q

Where are platelets produced?

A

bone marrow

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38
Q

What are platelets formed from?

A

common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cells

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39
Q

What stimulates CMP cells to differentiate into megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor (MEP) cells?

A

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-3

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40
Q

What do MEP cells turn into in thrombopoiesis?

A

megakaryocyte-committed progenitor cell (MKP or CFU-Meg)

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41
Q

What do MKPs turn into?

A

megakaryocyte

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42
Q

megakaryocyte

A

large cell with non-lobed nucleus

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43
Q

What occurs in megakaryoctes?

A

successive endomitoses without karyokinesis nor cytokinesis

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44
Q

Where is thrombopoietin (TPO) produced? What does it do?

A

liver and kidney

stimulates ploidy of megakaryocyte to increase from 8n to 64n

45
Q

What happens after throbopoietin stimulates a megakaryocyte?

A

produces platelets which fill peripheral cytoplasm of megakaryocyte and are broken off as processes extend into sinusoids

46
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low blood platelet count important clinical problem in management of patients with immune-system disorders and cancer. Increases risk of bleeding, and limits dose of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer patients.

47
Q

granulopoiesis

A

development of granulocytes

48
Q

What do granulocytes originate from?

A

common myeloid progenitor (CMP) stem cells that differentiate into granulocyte/monocyte progenitors (GMPs)

49
Q

What stimulates CMP to GMPs?

A

cytokines such as GM-CSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and IL-3

50
Q

What is GM-CSF stimulated by?

A

endothelial cells, T cells, macrophages, mast cells, and fibroblasts

51
Q

What do GMP cells produce? And what stimulates them to produce these?

A

granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), and monocytes

52
Q

myeloblast

A

earliest possible neutrophil precursor
large, spherical nucleus with 3-5 nucleoli
small amount of agranular cytoplasm, intensely basophilic
matures into a promyelocyte

53
Q

promyelocyte

A

large spherical nucleus with primary granules
granules reduce with each division
does not exhibit subtypes

54
Q

myelocyte

A

first exhibit specific granules
initially spherical nucleus that will develop an indentation
will give rise to metamyelocytes

55
Q

metamyelocyte

A

nuclear indentation deepens
specific granules outnumber azurophilic granules
will give rise to banded cells

56
Q

band (stab) cell

A

nucleus is elongated and nearly uniform

nuclear constrictions develop to give multi-lobed appearance

57
Q

What stimulates eosinophil progenitors?

A

GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5

58
Q

What stimulates basophil progenitors?

A

GM-CSF and IL-3

59
Q

how long does granulopoiesis in the bone marrow take?

A

about 2 weeks

1 week for mitotic (proliferative) phase and 1 week for cell differentiation from metamyelocyte to mature granulocyte

60
Q

how long do neutrophils live in connective tissue?

A

1-2 days

61
Q

Where are immature neutrophils located? for how long?

A

reserve pool

5 days

62
Q

Where do neutrophils go from the reserve pool? What is the other pool called?

A

50% of bands will circulate

50% will adhere to endothelial walls –> marginated pool

63
Q

What do the reserve pool and marginated pool provide?

A

resources and mobilization on demand

64
Q

What happens in sudden and extremely severe infections?

A

reserve granulocytes are drained faster than production can replace them
band forms, metamyelocyte, and myelocytes may enter circulation –> left shift
increase in mature blood cells –> right shift

65
Q

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF source and target

A

source - T cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts

target - CMP, CrP, GMP, EoP, BaP, MKP, all granulocytes, erythrocytes

66
Q

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor G-CSF source and target

A

source - endothelial cells, monocytes

target- ErP, GMP, EoP, BaP, MKP

67
Q

monocyte colony-stimulating factor M-CSF source and target

A

source - monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, adventitial cells

target- CMP, MoP, monocytes, macrophages, osteoclasts

68
Q

erythropoietin EPO source and target

A

source - kidney, liver

target- CMP, MEP, ErP

69
Q

thrombopoietin TPO source and target

A

source - bone marrow

target- MKP, megakaryocytes

70
Q

interferon gamma IFN-gamma source and target

A

source - CD4+ T cells, NK cells

target- B cells, T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, monocytes

71
Q

interleukin 1 IL-1 source and target

A

source - neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells

target- CD4+ T cells, B cells

72
Q

interleukin 2 IL-2 source and target

A

source - CD4+ T cells

target- T cells, B cells, NK cells

73
Q

interleukin 3 IL-3 source and target

A

source - CD4+ T cells

target- CMP, ErP, GMP, EoP, BaP, MKP, all granulocytes, erythroid cells

74
Q

interleukin 4 IL-4 source and target

A

source - CD4+ T cells, mast cells

target- B cells, T cells, mast cells

75
Q

interleukin 5 IL-5 source and target

A

source - CD4+ T cells

target- EoP, eosinophils, B cells

76
Q

interleukin 6 IL-6 source and target

A

source - endothelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, T cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts

target- CMP, ErP, GMP, Bcells, Tcells, macrophages, hepatocytes, osteocytes, osteoclasts, adipocytes

77
Q

interleukin 7 IL-7 source and target

A

source - adventitial

target- early pre-B, pre-T cells

78
Q

interleukin 8 IL-8 source and target

A

source - macrophages, endothelial cells

target- T cells, neutrophils

79
Q

interleukin 9 IL-9 source and target

A

source - CD4+ T cells

target- CD4+ T cells, CMP, ErP

80
Q

interleukin 10 IL-10 source and target

A

source - macrophages, T cells

target- T cells, B cells, NK cells

81
Q

interleukin 11 IL-11 source and target

A

source - macrophages

target- CMP, ErP, GMP, T cells, B cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes

82
Q

interleukin 12 IL-12 source and target

A

source - macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

target- T cells

83
Q

interleukin 13 IL-13 source and target

A

source - T cells

target- B cells

84
Q

What are monocytes produced from?

A

GMP to monocyte progenitor cell (MoP/monoblast)

85
Q

What is monocyte production dependent on?

A

PU.1, Egr-1, IL-3, GM-CSF

86
Q

promonocyte

A

large cell with basophilic cytoplasm and large, slightly indented nucleus
divides as it develops into monocytes

87
Q

monocyte progenitor cell (MoP) length of transformation

A

55 hours

88
Q

Where do monocytes differentiate into macrophages? What does it require?

A

tissues

GM-CSF and M-CSF

89
Q

What is the 1st identifiable progenitor of lymphoid cells?

A

lymphoblast

90
Q

lymphoblast

A

large cell capable of dividing 2-3 times into lymphocytes

91
Q

lymphocyte histology

A

nuclei become smaler, nucleoli disappear, and cell size decreases

92
Q

Where are T lymphocytes produced?

A

produced in bone marrow

93
Q

Where do T lymphocytes develop?

A

thymus

94
Q

What is required for production of t lymphocytes?

A

Ikaros and GATA-3

95
Q

Where are B lymphocytes developed?

A

bursa-equivalent organ (bone marrow)

96
Q

What is required for B lymphocyte development?

A

Ikaros, Pax5

97
Q

What does bone marrow consist of?

A

blood vessels, hematopoietic cells, and sinusoids

98
Q

adventitial cell

A

provides support for developing blood cells, produce reticular fibers and secrete cytokines (CSFs, IL-5, IL-7)

99
Q

What do sinusoids do?

A

separate hematopoietic compartment and peripheral circulation in bone marrow

100
Q

Is bone marrow sinusoidal system open or closed?

A

closed - newly formed cells must penetrate endothelium to enter circulation

101
Q

How do cells exit the sinusoidal system?

A
  1. maturing blood cell or megakaryocyte process pushes against endothelial cell
  2. fuses and pierces luminal plasma membrane (endothelial cell) to form a transitory opening
  3. squeezes through aperture and enters sinusoidal lumen
  4. endothelial cell repairs itself and aperture disappears
102
Q

Where is red bone marrow located?

A

within medullary cavity of young long bones and spaces of spongy bones

103
Q

Where is yellow bone marrow found?

A

medullary cavity of adult bones that are no longer hematopoietically active

104
Q

What does yellow bone marrow contain?

A

adipose cells

105
Q

What is in red bone marrow?

A

hematopoietic cords develop blood cells and megakaryocytes

macrophages, mast cells, and some adipose cells are also present

106
Q

What types of blood cells develop in nests?

A

erythrocytes and megakaryocytes near sinusoidal wall

granulocytes in nests farther from sinusoidal wall

107
Q

Where is active yellow bone marrow in the adult?

A

ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, shoulder girdle

108
Q

What can yellow bone marrow do?

A

retain hematopoietic potential, revert back to red bone marrow

HDM Midterm (2 decks)

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