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HDM Midterm > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

hematopoiesis

A

development of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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2
Q

erythropoiesis

A

development of RBCs

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3
Q

leukopoiesis

A

development of WBCs

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4
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

development of platelets

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5
Q

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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6
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

10 days

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7
Q

What is formed in red bone marrow in an adult?

A

erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets; sometimes lymphocytes

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8
Q

Where are lymphocytes formed?

A

red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues

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9
Q

When does the yolk-sac phase of hematopoiesis begin?

A

3rd week gestation (1st trimester)

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10
Q

What is the yolk sac phase of hemopoiesis characterized by?

A

formation of hematopoietic islands

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11
Q

What happens in the second trimester in relation to hematopoisis?

A

continues in the liver and spleen

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12
Q

When does the bone marrow become the primary site of hematopoiesis?

A

7th month

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13
Q

What is the major blood forming organ in the fetus during second trimester?

A

liver

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14
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place after birth?

A

red bone marrow and some lymphatic tissue

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15
Q

monophyletic theory of hematopoiesis

A

blood cells are derived from a common hematopoietic stem cell

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16
Q

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is also known as what?

A

pluripotential stem cell (PPSC)

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17
Q

What do HSCs do?

A

differentiate into all the blood cell lineages, self-renewal, non-blood cell lineage differentiation, contribute to cellular regeneration of various tissues and organs

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18
Q

Where are HSCs during embryonic development?

A

circulation to undergo tissue-specific differentiation in different organs

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19
Q

Where have HSCs been isolated from?

A

umbilical cord blood, fetal liver, fetal and adult bone marrow

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20
Q

What are the multipotential progenitor cells that are descendants of HSCs?

A

common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cells and common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cells

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21
Q

What do CMP cells differentiate into?

A 
MEP = megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor cells
GMP = granulocyte/monocyte progenitor cells
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22
Q

What do MEPs differentiate into?

A

megakaryocyte-committed progenitor cells (MEP, CFU-Meg)

erythrocyte-committed (ErP, CFU-E)

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23
Q

What do GMPs differentiate into?

A 
neutrophil progenitors (NoP, CFU-G)
eosinophil progenitors (EoP, CFU-Eo)
basophil progenitors (BP, CFU-Ba)
monocyte progenitors (MoP, CFU-M)
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24
Q

What develops from common lymphoid progenitor cells (CLP)?

A

lymphocytes (T cells, B cells) and natural killer cells

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25
What cells differentiate into erythrocytes?
CMP cells to MEP cells under the influence of erythropoietin, IL-3, and IL-4
26
What is erythropoiesis regulated by?
erythropoietin (EPO)
27
When is EPO secreted?
low oxygen saturation
28
What does EPO target?
surface receptors of ErP
29
What is required for terminal differentiation to erythroid lineage?
GATA-1
30
proerythroblast
relatively large cell with a large, spherical nucleus with 1-2 nucleoli cytoplasm is basophilic
31
basophilic erythroblast
small nucleus, cytoplasm with strong basophilia (polyribosomes synthesize Hb) accumulation of Hb gradually changes staining reaction (eosin)
32
polychromatophilic erythroblast
acidophilic and basophilic staining of cytoplasm can have distinct pink and purple regions, or blend to gray or lilac color nucleus is smaller than basophilic erythroblast and heterchromatin can have checkerboard pattern
33
orthochromatophilic erythroblast (normoblast)
increaased acidophilic cytoplasm and dense nucleus slightly larger than mature RBC no longer capable of division will extrude nucleus and pass into sinusoids
34
polychromatophilic erythrocyte
slight basophilia to typically eosinophilic cells few polyribosomes synthesizing Hb retained special stains highlight polyribosomes, reticulocytes 1-2% of total RBC count
35
What increases if RBCs increase?
reticulocytes
36
What is the progression of erythropoiesis?
erythropoietin-sensitive erythrocyte-committed progenitors (ErP/CFU-E)-->proerythroblast (promonoblast) --> basophilic erythroblast (basophilic normoblast) --> polychromatophilic erythroblast (polychromatophilic normoblast) --> orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast) --> polychromatic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)
37
Where are platelets produced?
bone marrow
38
What are platelets formed from?
common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cells
39
What stimulates CMP cells to differentiate into megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor (MEP) cells?
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-3
40
What do MEP cells turn into in thrombopoiesis?
megakaryocyte-committed progenitor cell (MKP or CFU-Meg)
41
What do MKPs turn into?
megakaryocyte
42
megakaryocyte
large cell with non-lobed nucleus
43
What occurs in megakaryoctes?
successive endomitoses without karyokinesis nor cytokinesis
44
Where is thrombopoietin (TPO) produced? What does it do?
liver and kidney | stimulates ploidy of megakaryocyte to increase from 8n to 64n
45
What happens after throbopoietin stimulates a megakaryocyte?
produces platelets which fill peripheral cytoplasm of megakaryocyte and are broken off as processes extend into sinusoids
46
thrombocytopenia
low blood platelet count important clinical problem in management of patients with immune-system disorders and cancer. Increases risk of bleeding, and limits dose of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer patients.
47
granulopoiesis
development of granulocytes
48
What do granulocytes originate from?
common myeloid progenitor (CMP) stem cells that differentiate into granulocyte/monocyte progenitors (GMPs)
49
What stimulates CMP to GMPs?
cytokines such as GM-CSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and IL-3
50
What is GM-CSF stimulated by?
endothelial cells, T cells, macrophages, mast cells, and fibroblasts
51
What do GMP cells produce? And what stimulates them to produce these?
granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), and monocytes
52
myeloblast
earliest possible neutrophil precursor large, spherical nucleus with 3-5 nucleoli small amount of agranular cytoplasm, intensely basophilic matures into a promyelocyte
53
promyelocyte
large spherical nucleus with primary granules granules reduce with each division does not exhibit subtypes
54
myelocyte
first exhibit specific granules initially spherical nucleus that will develop an indentation will give rise to metamyelocytes
55
metamyelocyte
nuclear indentation deepens specific granules outnumber azurophilic granules will give rise to banded cells
56
band (stab) cell
nucleus is elongated and nearly uniform | nuclear constrictions develop to give multi-lobed appearance
57
What stimulates eosinophil progenitors?
GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5
58
What stimulates basophil progenitors?
GM-CSF and IL-3
59
how long does granulopoiesis in the bone marrow take?
about 2 weeks | 1 week for mitotic (proliferative) phase and 1 week for cell differentiation from metamyelocyte to mature granulocyte
60
how long do neutrophils live in connective tissue?
1-2 days
61
Where are immature neutrophils located? for how long?
reserve pool | 5 days
62
Where do neutrophils go from the reserve pool? What is the other pool called?
50% of bands will circulate | 50% will adhere to endothelial walls --> marginated pool
63
What do the reserve pool and marginated pool provide?
resources and mobilization on demand
64
What happens in sudden and extremely severe infections?
reserve granulocytes are drained faster than production can replace them band forms, metamyelocyte, and myelocytes may enter circulation --> left shift increase in mature blood cells --> right shift
65
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF source and target
source - T cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts | target - CMP, CrP, GMP, EoP, BaP, MKP, all granulocytes, erythrocytes
66
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor G-CSF source and target
source - endothelial cells, monocytes target- ErP, GMP, EoP, BaP, MKP
67
monocyte colony-stimulating factor M-CSF source and target
source - monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, adventitial cells target- CMP, MoP, monocytes, macrophages, osteoclasts
68
erythropoietin EPO source and target
source - kidney, liver target- CMP, MEP, ErP
69
thrombopoietin TPO source and target
source - bone marrow target- MKP, megakaryocytes
70
interferon gamma IFN-gamma source and target
source - CD4+ T cells, NK cells target- B cells, T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, monocytes
71
interleukin 1 IL-1 source and target
source - neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells target- CD4+ T cells, B cells
72
interleukin 2 IL-2 source and target
source - CD4+ T cells target- T cells, B cells, NK cells
73
interleukin 3 IL-3 source and target
source - CD4+ T cells target- CMP, ErP, GMP, EoP, BaP, MKP, all granulocytes, erythroid cells
74
interleukin 4 IL-4 source and target
source - CD4+ T cells, mast cells target- B cells, T cells, mast cells
75
interleukin 5 IL-5 source and target
source - CD4+ T cells target- EoP, eosinophils, B cells
76
interleukin 6 IL-6 source and target
source - endothelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, T cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts target- CMP, ErP, GMP, Bcells, Tcells, macrophages, hepatocytes, osteocytes, osteoclasts, adipocytes
77
interleukin 7 IL-7 source and target
source - adventitial target- early pre-B, pre-T cells
78
interleukin 8 IL-8 source and target
source - macrophages, endothelial cells target- T cells, neutrophils
79
interleukin 9 IL-9 source and target
source - CD4+ T cells target- CD4+ T cells, CMP, ErP
80
interleukin 10 IL-10 source and target
source - macrophages, T cells target- T cells, B cells, NK cells
81
interleukin 11 IL-11 source and target
source - macrophages target- CMP, ErP, GMP, T cells, B cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes
82
interleukin 12 IL-12 source and target
source - macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells target- T cells
83
interleukin 13 IL-13 source and target
source - T cells target- B cells
84
What are monocytes produced from?
GMP to monocyte progenitor cell (MoP/monoblast)
85
What is monocyte production dependent on?
PU.1, Egr-1, IL-3, GM-CSF
86
promonocyte
large cell with basophilic cytoplasm and large, slightly indented nucleus divides as it develops into monocytes
87
monocyte progenitor cell (MoP) length of transformation
55 hours
88
Where do monocytes differentiate into macrophages? What does it require?
tissues | GM-CSF and M-CSF
89
What is the 1st identifiable progenitor of lymphoid cells?
lymphoblast
90
lymphoblast
large cell capable of dividing 2-3 times into lymphocytes
91
lymphocyte histology
nuclei become smaler, nucleoli disappear, and cell size decreases
92
Where are T lymphocytes produced?
produced in bone marrow
93
Where do T lymphocytes develop?
thymus
94
What is required for production of t lymphocytes?
Ikaros and GATA-3
95
Where are B lymphocytes developed?
bursa-equivalent organ (bone marrow)
96
What is required for B lymphocyte development?
Ikaros, Pax5
97
What does bone marrow consist of?
blood vessels, hematopoietic cells, and sinusoids
98
adventitial cell
provides support for developing blood cells, produce reticular fibers and secrete cytokines (CSFs, IL-5, IL-7)
99
What do sinusoids do?
separate hematopoietic compartment and peripheral circulation in bone marrow
100
Is bone marrow sinusoidal system open or closed?
closed - newly formed cells must penetrate endothelium to enter circulation
101
How do cells exit the sinusoidal system?
1. maturing blood cell or megakaryocyte process pushes against endothelial cell 2. fuses and pierces luminal plasma membrane (endothelial cell) to form a transitory opening 3. squeezes through aperture and enters sinusoidal lumen 4. endothelial cell repairs itself and aperture disappears
102
Where is red bone marrow located?
within medullary cavity of young long bones and spaces of spongy bones
103
Where is yellow bone marrow found?
medullary cavity of adult bones that are no longer hematopoietically active
104
What does yellow bone marrow contain?
adipose cells
105
What is in red bone marrow?
hematopoietic cords develop blood cells and megakaryocytes | macrophages, mast cells, and some adipose cells are also present
106
What types of blood cells develop in nests?
erythrocytes and megakaryocytes near sinusoidal wall | granulocytes in nests farther from sinusoidal wall
107
Where is active yellow bone marrow in the adult?
ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, shoulder girdle
108
What can yellow bone marrow do?
retain hematopoietic potential, revert back to red bone marrow

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