HEME (Terms) Flashcards
(33 cards)
Cytopenia
Def’n, Mech (2 options)?
Reduction in # of blood cells.
MECH =↓production or↑destruction.
BM Failure
Causes (2)?
CAUSES:
- Aplastic Anemia
- Leukemia
Pancytopenia
Def’n, Causes, Pres (3)?
↓in all cell types: RBCs, WBCs + Platelets.
CAUSES:
- BM failure
PRES:
- Anemia
- Infection
- Bleeding / Hem
Thrombocytopenia
Seen In (2)?
SEEN IN:
- BM failure
- Htn
- Preeclampsia / Eclampsia
Neutropenia
Def’n / Value, Causes (5)?
Neutrophil count ↓production of WBCs)
- Radiation
Eosinopenia
Causes (2)?
CAUSES:
- Cushing’s Sx
- Corticosteroids
Lymphopenia
Def’n / Values (adults vs children), Causes (6)?
- Lymphocyte count
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Def’n,↑Seen In (5),↓Seen In (5)?
Infl reactants in plasma (eg fibrinogen) coat RBCs and cause them to AGGREGATE.
Because RBC aggregates have a higher density than plasma,
SR↑.
↑SEEN IN:
- Infections
- Inflammation + Autoimmune Dz
- Malignancies
- Pregnancy
- Anemias (most)
↓SEEN IN:
- ↓Fibrinogen
- Microcytosis
- Polycythemia (↑# of RBCs dilutes aggregation factors)
- Sickle Cell Anemia (RBCs w altered shape)
- CHF
Hemostasis
Def’n?
Stopping of bleeding at site of interrupted endothelium.
Thrombosis
Def’n, MC Location, RF (Virchow’s Triad), Chars (2)?
PATHOLOGICAL formation of a clot within an INTACT vessel.
Deep Veins of Leg (below knee).
RF: Virchow’s Triad:
- Hypercoaguable state
- Endothelial cell damage
- Disruption in blood flow
CHARS:
- Attachment to vessel wall
- Lines of Zahn: alternating layers of platelets / fibrin + RBCs
Bleeding Time
Normal Value,↑Seen In (general)?
Normal = 2-7 minutes.
↑SEEN IN: Platelet Disorders
Platelet Count
Normal Value, Abnormal Value?
Normal = 150-400 K/ul.
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Def’n,↑Seen In (2)?
Measurement of EXTRINSIC + COMMON pathways of
Coagulation Cascade.
How long does it take for PLASMA to clot?
Defect ->↑PT.
↑SEEN IN:
- Vitamin K Deficiency
- DIC
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
Def’n,↑Seen In?
Measurement of INTRINSIC + COMMON pathways of
Coagulation Cascade.
How long does it take for BLOOD to clot?
Defect ->↑PTT.
↑SEEN IN: Coagulation Disorders.
Cytosis
Def’n?
↑in # of blood cells.
Agranulocytosis
Def’n?
Marked decrease in the # of granulocytes.
Anisocytosis
Def’n, Measurement, Seen In?
Cells of varying SIZES.
RDW.
SEEN IN:
- B-Thalassemia
Erythrocytosis / Polycythemia
Def’n, Seen In (2)?
Increased proportion of blood volume occupied by RBCs.
ABSOLUTE: ↑in # of RBCs, RBC mass + EPO levels. RELATIVE: ↓in plasma volume.
SEEN IN:
- Eisenmenger’s Sx
- Hepatoma / HCC
Inappropriate Absolute Polycythemia
Def’n, Mech, Causes (4)?
Absolute Polycythemia with NORMAL O2 Sat.
MECH = Ectopic EPO production.
CAUSES:
- Renal Cell Carcinoma
- Wilms Tumor
- Hydronephrosis
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Appropriate Absolute Polycythemia
Def’n (additional specificity), Causes (3)?
Absolute Polycythemia with↓O2 Sat.
CAUSES:
- High altitude
- Lung dz
- Ectopic EPO production from Renal CC
Leukocytosis
Seen In (2)?
SEEN IN:
- Leukemia
- Myeloproliferative disorders
Poikilocytosis
Def’n, Seen In?
Cells of varying SHAPES.
SEEN IN:
- B-Thalassemia
Neutrophilia / Neutrophilic Leukocytosis
Def’n / Value, Causes (3), Seen In?
Circulating Neutrophils > 75%.
CAUSES:
- Release of BM Neutrophils, incl immature forms = ‘Left Shift’:
Pyogenic infections (ie bacterial infections) + Tissue necrosis
- High Cortisol state: Corticosteroids or Cushing’s Sx
(impairs leukocyte adhesion -> release of marginated pool of neut)
- Leukocyte Adhesion Def (phagocyte dysfunction)
SEEN IN:
- CML
Eosinophilia
Def’n / Value, Mech, Causes (5: “NAACP”)?
Eosinophils > 5%.
MECH =↑eosinophil chemotactic factor.
CAUSES:
- Neoplastic / Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Allergic processes (Type 1 HS)
- Asthma
- Collagen vascular diseases
- Parasites (invasive)
