RESP Flashcards Preview

Terminology & Lists > RESP > Flashcards

Flashcards in RESP Deck (20)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Hyperventilation

Seen In (5), Subtype, Conseq?

A

SEEN IN:

  • Hypoxemia
  • PE
  • Tumor
  • Salicylates
  • Hysteria

Kussmaul Respirations: Deep labored breathing.
Seen in DKA.

CONSEQ =↓PCO2 -> Resp Alkalosis

2
Q

Ventilation

Mech of Defect, MC Defect, Pres of Defect?

A

MECH OF DEFECT:
↓vent to alveoli, however perfusion still present ->
Intrapulm SHUNT

MC DEFECT = RDS

PRES = Hypoxemic p/t given 100% O2 for 20 mins and NO↑in PO2

3
Q

Hypoventilation

Seen In (8), Conseq?

A

SEEN IN:

  • Lung collapse
  • Airway obstruction
  • Acute or Chronic Lung Disease
  • ALS
  • Guillain-Barre Sx
  • Drugs that depress Resp Center: Sedatives, Narcotics, Opioids
  • Broken ribs
  • Weakening of diaphragm + other resp muscles

CONSEQ =↑PCO2 > 40 mmHg -> Resp Acidosis

4
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Respirations

Def’n, Seen In (2)?

A

Oscillating slow/fast breathing.

SEEN IN:

  • ↑ICP
  • Central Apnea in CHF
5
Q

Perfusion

Mech of Defect, MC Defect, Pres of Defect?

A

MECH OF DEFECT:
↓blood flow -> ↑Dead Space

MC DEFECT = Pulmonary Embolus

PRES = Hypoxemic p/t given 100% O2 for 20 mins and PO2 does ↑.

6
Q

V / Q Ratio #1

Def’n?

  • > 0 in? Result of 100% O2?
  • > 1 in?
  • > ∞ in? Result of 100% O2?
A
Alveolar Ventilation (V) / Pulm Blood Flow (Q).  
Ideally, V and Q are matched for adequate gas exchange.
*** ↑V/Q = ↑Gas Exchange.  
      V/Q approaching 0 or ∞ = NO gas exch.***

V/Q -> 0 in AIRWAY (V) obstruction = R-to-L Shunt.
100% O2 does NOT ↑PO2.
V/Q -> 1 in ↑CO / exercise (dilation of apical capillaries)
V/Q -> ∞ in BLOOD FLOW (Q) obstruction = Dead Space
(eg embolism occluding Pulm art).
100% O2 ↑PO2

7
Q

V / Q Ratio #2

Mismatch Causes (2)?

A

MISMATCH CAUSES:

  • R-to-L Shunt (airway obstruction)
  • Dead Space (blood flow / bl vessel leading to lung obstruction, eg embolism occluding Pulm art)
8
Q

Diffusion

Mech of Defect, Eg of Defects (3)?

A

MECH OF DEFECT:
Something in interface that O2 can’t get through.

  • Fibrosis (ie Sarcoidosis)
  • Fluid in HF
  • Pulmonary Edema
9
Q

Cyanosis

Def’n, Causes (2)?

A

↓O2 Sat.

CAUSES:

  • CO Poisoning
  • Hb Modifications
10
Q

Hypoxia #1

Def’n, Causes (5, incl 4 Hb problems)?

A

↓O2 Delivery to tis = inadequate oxygenation of tis.

CAUSES:
- Ischemia (1st MCC)
- Hypoxemia (2nd MCC)
- ↓CO
- Hb problems
     - Anemia (↓Hb)
     - CO Poisoning (CO has higher affinity for Hb than O2 does)
     - Cyanide Poisoning
     - Methemoglobinemia (O2 can't bind to heme groups b/c they're
                                              Fe3+)
- Oxidative Pathway problem
     - Uncoupling

* Hypoxia causes vasodilation in all organs of body EXCEPT lungs,
where it causes VASOCONSTRICTION.
*
(Important physiologically as it directs blood away from hypoxic / poorly ventilated regions and towards well ventilated regions.)
Pulm vasoconstriction ->↑PVR ->
↑work of R heart against higher resistance -> RV Hypertrophy.

10
Q

Hypoxia #2

Conseq (2 Categories: 2 in 1st)?

A

CONSEQ:

  • ↓ATP -> Body forced into Anaerobic Glycolysis (-> lactic a)
    - > Denaturing of cell proteins + enzymes =>
    - > Cells can no longer autodigest =>
    - > Coagulation Necrosis
    - > ATP pumps screwed up
    - Na/K Pump: Na + H20 into cells -> cell swelling
    - Ca Pump: Ca into cells -> cell damage
  • ↑EPO release -> ↑Erythrocytosis
11
Q

Hypoxemia #1

Def’n, Causes (2 Categories: 3 in each)?

A

↓arterial PO2.

CAUSES:

  • Hypoxemia due to INTRApulmonary problem: ↑A-a gradient
    • Diffusion defect
    • Perfusion defect
    • V/Q mismatch
  • Hypoxemia due to EXTRApulmonary problem: Normal A-a gradient
    • Ventilation defect
    • High altitude
    • Resp Acidosis
12
Q

Hypoxemia #2

RX, Comp (2)?

A

RX:
- Acetazolamide

COMP:

  • Risk of PDA
  • Necrotizing Enterocolitis
13
Q

Ischemia

Def’n, Causes (3)?

A

↓in arterial bl flow.

CAUSES:

  • Impeded arterial flow, ie thrombus in muscular artery (1st MCC)
  • ↓CO
  • ↓venous drainage
14
Q

O2 Content of blood

Formula,↑Seen In,↓Seen In (2)?

A

O2 Content: (Hb x O2 Sat) + PaO2

↑SEEN IN:
- Polycythemia

↓SEEN IN:

  • CO Poisoning
  • Anemia
15
Q

O2 Delivery to Tis

Formula, Term for↓?

A

O2 Delivery to Tis: CO x O2 Content

Hypoxia

16
Q

O2 Saturation (O2 saturation of Hb)

Def’n / Explanation, Term for ↓,
↓Seen In (3)?

A

An RBC c/tns Hb = 4 heme groups which O2 attaches to.
Each heme group contains Fe2+. (Fe MUST be 2+ in order to carry O.)

O2 Sat = 100% if all 4 heme groups are occupied by O2.

↓= Cyanosis

↓SEEN IN:

  • High altitude (due to↓PO2)
  • Lung dz
  • CO Poisoning
18
Q

A-a (Alveolar-Arterial) Gradient (** Must always calculate! **)

Def’n + Normal Values, Explanation, Significance,
↑Seen In (2 + A-a > 30)?

A

Difference b/w Alveolar O2 (100) and Arterial O2 (95)
= 5 - 15 mmHg.

Based on Vent vs Perf differences b/w Apex + Base of lungs.

Is Hypoxemia related to problem INSIDE vs OUTSIDE of Lungs?

↑( > 10 mmHg) SEEN IN: Hypoxemia due to INTRApulm problem:

 - Diffusion defect (eg Fibrosis)
 - V/Q mismatch

A-a gradient > 30 = Primary Lung Disease (ie Vent, Perf, Diff defects)

19
Q

Tachypnea

Def’n, Seen In?

A

Rapid breathing.
In adults at rest, ventilation rate > 20 breaths / min.

SEEN IN:
- Pneumonia

20
Q

Atelectasis

Def’n, Mech?

A

Collapse of airways / alveolar air sacs upon EXPIRATION.

MECH:
NO SURFACTANT = nothing to↓ST and Collapsing P = nothing to keep airways open.
(Collapsing P in airways = Surface Tension / Radius of airway)