Hemodynamic Disorders Part 1

Question 1

hyperemia

Answer 1

excess blood in an organ

Question 2

hemorrhage

Answer 2

blood exiting the vascular department

Question 3

the heart is a _____ sided pump

Answer 3

2

Question 4

the ____ separates the blood and the tissues

Answer 4

endothelium

Question 5

cardiac output is an indicator of ________ function

Answer 5

ventricular

Question 6

cardiac output is a product of…..

Answer 6

heart rate and stroke volume and cardiac index

adjusted for body surface area

Question 7

what is another word for perfusion pressure

Answer 7

driving pressure

Question 8

perfusion pressure depends on……

Answer 8

arterial driving pressure

Question 9

the sum of all regional flows equals…..

Answer 9

the venous return

Question 10

the cardiovascular system consists of ____ circulations:

Answer 10

2:

pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation

Question 11

what is another term for passive hyperemia

Answer 11

congestion

Question 12

when does passive hyperemia (congestion) occur?

Answer 12

when an organ is engorged with venous blood

Question 13

congestion occurs systemically as in ___ or locally as in _____

Answer 13

systemically as in cardiac failure or locally as an isolated venous obstruction

Question 14

tissues affected by congestion appear…..

Answer 14

blue-red due to the accumulation of deoxygenated blood

Question 15

in long standing congestion, what can occur

Answer 15

hypoxia which results in parenchyma cell degeneration or death

Question 16

what is pulmonary congestion

Answer 16

the passive accumulation of blood in the lungs

due to chronic left ventricular failure – left heart cannot pump out the blood and the alveolar capillaries of the lungs get engorged with blood

Question 17

pulmonary congestion causes…..

Answer 17

erythrocytes to be degraded by macrophages - hemosiderin accumulates – “heart failure cells”

fluid is forced into alveolar spaces (pulmonary edema) which results in decreased gas exchange in the lungs

Question 18

what are the findings when congestion occurs in the liver

Answer 18

central veins get very dilated

Question 19

true or false

hyperemia is an active process and congestion is a passive process

Answer 19

true

Question 20

differentiate between the color of the tissue in hyperemia and congestion

Answer 20

hyperemia - tissue is red

congestion - tissue is blue-red

Question 21

true or false

in congestion, oxygenated blood is accumulated in the organ and in hyperemia deoxygenated blood is accumulated

Answer 21

FALSE - opposite

Question 22

muscle exercise is an example of hyperemia or congestion?

Answer 22

muscle excerise

Question 23

____ causes lung congestion

Answer 23

heart failure

Question 24

what causes hyperemia

what causes congestion

Answer 24

arteriolar dilation - hyperemia

venous obstruction - congestion

Question 25

what is hemorrhage

Answer 25

escape of blood from the blood vessels as a result of trauma/inflammation/neoplasia, etc

Question 26

cardiac bleeding causes

Answer 26

penetrating wounds

rupture of ventricle as result of myocardial infarction

Question 27

arterial bleeding causes

Answer 27

trauma or rupture of an aneurysm

Question 28

what is thrombosis

Answer 28

formation of blood clot

Question 29

what is hemostasis

Answer 29

mechanism through which the body controls bleeding and prevents thrombosis

Question 30

what are the functions of platelets

Answer 30

adhesion and agregation to prevent bleeding

Question 31

what are factors 1-13?

Answer 31

coagulation factors

Question 32

the absence of plasminogen results in….

Answer 32

thrombosis
the function of plasminogen is to prevent the formation of thrombus by fibrolysis

Question 33

name 3 factors responsible for thrombosis

Answer 33

damage to endothelial lining of blood vessel

abnormal blood flow

increased coaguability of the blood bc decreased natural inhibitors or increased coagulation factors

Question 34

name 3 places a thrombus could be

Answer 34

arterial

in the heart on the endocardium

in the venous system

Question 35

varicose veins are associated with what kind of thrombosis?

Answer 35

deep vein thrombosis

Question 36

differentiate between the morphology and texture of a thrombus vs a post mortem clot

Answer 36

thrombus has a white and red layer and lines of Zhan are formed. it is friable

post mortem clot is red jelly and yellow chicken appearance and is pliable (no fragments)

Question 37

true or false

thrombi mold (take the shape of the vessel) and post mortem clots do not

Answer 37

true

Question 38

true or false

post mortem clots are attached to the wall and thrombi are not

Answer 38

false - oppoisite

Question 39

mural thrombus vs occlusive thrombus

Answer 39

mural thrombus attaches to wall of blood vessel or endocardium of the heart

occlusive thrombus forms in an artery, stopping blood flow. can lead to ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction

Question 40

true or false

arterial thrombi do not undergo rapid lysis

Answer 40

true

Question 41

which thrombi grows in a retrograde fashion, BACKWARD to the site of attachment – arterial thrombi or venous thrombi?

Answer 41

arterial thrombi

Question 42

true or false

venous thrombi have firm attachment and arterial thrombi have loose attachment

Answer 42

false

arterial is firm and undergoes slow lysis

Question 43

embolism

Answer 43

blockage in an artery

Question 44

thrombosis can lead to…

Answer 44

embolism - most commonly caused by clots (thromboembolus)

Question 45

95% of PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM results from…..

Answer 45

vein thrombi in the deep vein legs

Question 46

what embolism occurs following bone fractures?

Answer 46

fat embolism - fatty marrow is released into damaged blood vessels