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Pathology Final > Lecture 9 - Neoplasia > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Neoplasia Flashcards

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1
Q

what does neoplasia stand for?
what does it mean

A

neo = new
plasia = formation

an abnormal growth of tissues
-loss of responsiveness to the normal things that stimulate growth

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2
Q

how can you differentiate between neoplastic cells and nonneoplastic proliferations, that are just reactions to inflammation?

A

neoplastic cells are monoclonal (derived from one cell)

reactions to inflammation are polyclonal

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3
Q

true or false

some neoplasms are benign and others are malignant

A

true

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4
Q

neoplasia behave as ______.
explain

A

as parasites bc they depend on the nutrients of the host.
but they do have autonomy in their growth

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5
Q

what 2 things does malignant neoplasm bind to in connective tissues?
what 2 things does it secrete and why?

A

binds to laminin and fibronectin

secretes collagenases or proteases to invade the surrounding tissues

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6
Q

true or false

neoplastic cells are not capable of attaining immortality

A

false - they are

immortality - the ability to keep dividing indefinitely

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7
Q

what can be the origin of neoplasia

A

either parenchymal or mesenchymal

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8
Q

neoplasia can be benign, malignant, or……

A

borderline

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9
Q

differentiate between parenchymal cells and mesenchymal cells

A

parenchymal cells are functioning cells like gland, epithelial, and hepatic cells

mesenchymal cells are SUPPORTING CELLS like stroma, fibrous, muscle and bone tissue (connective)

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10
Q

all malignant tumors are called…..

A

cancer

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11
Q

how do you differentiate between a benign and malignant tumor by looking at the name?

A

benign has “oma” at the end

malignant will have “carcinoma” (if derived from epithelial tissue) or “sarcoma” if arising from mesenchymal (connective) tissue

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12
Q

name for a benign tumor of fibrous tissues

A

fibroma

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13
Q

name for a malignant tumor of the glandular epithelium

A

adenocarcinoma

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14
Q

name for a malignant tumor of fibrous tissue

A

fibrosarcoma

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15
Q

name for a benign tumor in the cartilage

A

chondroma

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16
Q

name for a benign tumor in the glands

A

adenoma

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17
Q

name for a malignant tumor in squamous epithelium

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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18
Q

melanoma

A

MALIGNANT tumor of melanocyte (exception to the rule)

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19
Q

seminoma

A

MALIGNANT tumor of spermocyte (exception to rule)

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20
Q

lymphoma

A

MALIGNANT tumor of lymphoid tissue (exception to rule)

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21
Q

papilloma

A

benign epithelial neoplasm growing on any surface epithelium

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22
Q

leiomyoma

A

benign smooth muscle tumot
(usually in uterus or GI tract) AKA fibroid

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23
Q

pleomorphism

A

sign of malignancy
different shapes and sizes of the cell nucleus

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24
Q

hyperchromatism
coarse chromatin

A

both signs of malignancy

hyperchromatism = darkened nucleus in the stain

coarse chromatin - normally they are finely stained

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25
abnormal mitotic figure
sign of malignancy normally bipolar, when malignant it could be tri or quadripolar
26
a high ___ to ____ ration indiciates malignancy
high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
27
true or false the presence of nuceloli indicates malignancy
true -normally they're not prominent
28
how can tumors be classified based on differentiation?
a well differentiated tumor has good prognosis. has high degree of resemblance to normal tissue moderately differentiated - moderate prognosis poorly differentiated - worse prognosis. means NO resemblence to the tissue of origin (SOMETIMES CALLED ANAPLASIA)
29
what does anaplasia mean and is it good or bad
lack of differentiation - very bad pleomorphism, atypia, atypical mitosis, loss of polarity has the worst prognosis
30
true or false benign tumors are well differentiated
true
31
true or false a malignant tumor can still be well differentiated
true can be well, moderately, or poorly differentiated for benign tumors - all are well differentiated
32
true or false benign tumors cause remarkabel pressure on the neighboring tissues
false - malignant tumors benign tumors cause slight pressure
33
hyperplasia vs metaplasia vs dysplasia vs neoplasia
hyperplasia - increase in cell number metaplasia - change from one cell type to another (but reversible) dysplasia - deranged cell growth. some nuclear atypia and the cells vary in size and shape neoplasia - NEW, uncontrolled growth of cells that is out of physiologic control. hyperchromasia, loss of cell polarity
34
disordered growth
dysplasia
35
dysplasia is ___ and ___
irreversible and premalignant
36
true or false in dysplasia, the cells do not invade the basement membrane
true
37
what is "carcinoma in situ"
preinvasive neoplasia
38
dysplasia represents a state between ___ and ____
hyperplasia and preinvasive neoplasia (carcinoma in situ)
39
true or false dysplasia does not necessarily progress to cancer in all cases
true
40
metaplastic/dysplastic changes require.....
CONTINUOUS STIMULI - like smoking
41
mild dysplasia mode rate dysplasia severe dysplasia
mild - affects one tissue layer mode rate - more than 1 layer is affected severe - ALL layers are affected ** but basement membrane still isn't breached*** AKA carcinoma in situe
42
____ dysplasia is also known as carcinoma in situ
severe
43
differentiate between invasion and metastasis
invasion - local spread when it invades the basement membrane and gets into neighboring tissue metastasis is the secondary spread of cancer to a REMOTE AREA happens when cells detach from the primary tumor and get into lymphatic vessels or bloodstream and get to distant organs
44
BREAST CARCINOMA metastizes to where
lung liver bone marrow
45
name the 4 steps of invasion of cancer, ending with metastasis
individual cells detach from each other tumor cells attach to the ECM and bind laminin and fibronectin on basement membrane ECM degrades through proteases that degrade ECM and type 4 collagen cells that have detached from primary tumor enter lymphatic vessels or bloodstream where they get to distant organs
46
hematogenous spread is via....
arteries or veins
47
how does the direct invasion of nearby organs occur
when the tumor extends from its origin
48
differentiate between the staging and grading of cancer
staging describes the size of the tumor and how far it spread from where it originally originated grading describes the appearance of the cancerous cells
49
what is TNM system
T=tumor size N = node involvement (metastasis) M = presence of distant metastasis METHOD OF STAGING CANCER
50
explain the M stages in TNM system
M0 = no distant metastasis M1 = distant metastasis present
51
the "T" of the TNM system ranges from....
Tis - T4 Tis being in situ and non invasive (confined to epithelium) T4 being very large and invasive and has spread to adjacent organs
52
the "N" of the TNM system ranges from....
N0-N3 N0 = no lymph node involvement N3 = more distant lymph node involvement
53
what is the grading of cancer based on?
the microscopic appearance of the neoplasm upon staining
54
a high cancer grade means what
worse prognosis
55
how many grades of malignant neoplasms are there? explain them
grades 1- 4 grade 1 = best prognosis. well differentiated grade 2 = moderately differentiated grade 3 = poorly differentiated grade 4 = nearly anaplastic -- lost almost all features of original cells - worst prognosis
56
grade 1 is considereed ___ grade grade 2, 3, 4....
grade 1 is low grade 2 is intermediate grade 3 is high grade 4 is anaplastic
57
true or false anaplasia is a feature of malignant tumors
true
58
how is "history and physical examination" a diagnostic method for neoplasia
HC worker noticing weight loss, fatigue, pain, and possible mass
59
name 4 radiographic techniques that can help to detect masses
x-rays CT scans MRI US (ultrasonography)
60
how can laboratory analyses be a diagnostic technique for neoplasia
specific antigen levels or genes may be detected
61
how is cytology an important diagnostic technique for neoplasia
pap smear can diagnose cervical dysplasias and neoplasms FNA (fine needle aspiration) can exfoliate cells
62
how is tissue biopsy and surgery a diagnostic technique for neoplasm
biopsy - can get small tissues from colonoscopy, endoscopy, etc surgery - portions of organ or tissue can be examined
63
true or false there are multiple serological markers associated with malignant tumors
true
64
52 year ikd has increased serum cortisol and 2cm suprarenal mass what is diagnosis
adenoma (tumor of epithelial glands)
65
name for malignant cells derived from skeletal muscle
Rhabdomyosarcoma
66

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