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FS Exam 4 > Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Hemodynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Layers of Artery and Vein

A

Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventita

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2
Q

Tunica Intima

A

Single layer of endothelial cells resting on basement membrane

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3
Q

Tunica Media

A

Smooth muscle layer

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4
Q

Tunica Adventitia

A

Outermost layer
Connective tissue
Stuff to help support the vessel - vaso vasorum

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5
Q

Elastin fibers highest in

A

Arteries

Aorta = most elastic

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6
Q

Smooth muscle highest in

A

smaller arteries

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7
Q

Collagen - a lot in

A

Vena Cava

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8
Q

Pressure High to low from Heart –>

A

Heart –> Aorta –> Muscular Arteries –> Arterioles –> Capillaries –> Venules –> Veins –> Vena Cavae

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9
Q

Aorta - Windkessel Effect

A

Minimizes pulsation, maintains steady flow
Is the elastic recoil
More elastic tissue than smooth muscle

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10
Q

Arterioles

A

Vascular smooth muscle affected by the substance the endothelium releases

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11
Q

VSM is regulated by what (Vascular smooth muscle)

A

Neural (mainly symp - ANS)
Local (Shear stress)
Hormonal

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12
Q

VSM contracts to do what

A

Help control blood pressure

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13
Q

Smooth muscle Contraction vs. Relaxation

A 
Contraction = NE and Angiotensin
Relaxation = Nitric Oxide
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14
Q

Capillary Bed - Microcitculation of smaller vessles

A

Greater SA through a large cross sectional area?

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15
Q

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

A

about 15-32 mmHg
Pressure going through capillary (highest going in, lowest at the end) - driving force to get from capillary to interstitial space

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16
Q

Capillary Oncotic Pressure

A

about 25 mmHG

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17
Q

What forces favor filtration

A

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure *

Interstitial Oncotic Pressure

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18
Q

Interstitial Oncotic Pressure

A

0.1 - 5 mmHg

Force that drives fluid to it - to the solute?

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19
Q

What forces favor reabsorption

A

Capillary Oncotic Pressure

Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure

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20
Q

Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure

A

1-7 mmHg

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21
Q

What is favored at venous end? or distal end

A

Reabsorption

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22
Q

What is favored at entrance of capillary

A

Filtration

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23
Q

Determinants of Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

A
  1. increased arterial pressure
  2. Increased venous pressure
  3. Increased arteriolar resistance (precapillary)
  4. Increased venous resistance (postcapillary)
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24
Q

What would lead to edema?

A

Favors excess filtration

inc arterial pressure, inc in venous pressure, increase in venous resistance

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25
Lymphatics
Remove excess interstitial fluid to prevent edema
26
Fluid and protein return to circulation via
Subclavian veins
27
What facilitates lymph flow
lymphatic valves and contraction of skeletal muscle
28
Veins act as a ____ because of ____
reservoir - compliance allows this
29
Compliance =
Change in volume ove change in pressure
30
Compliance is greater in veins or arteries
20X greater in veins than arteries | Contains 2/3s of the total BV
31
Venules
Drain capillary network
32
Veins
Has smooth muscle (can venoconstrict)
33
Large Veins
superior and inferior vena cava
34
Venous pressure is affected by:
1. Hydrostatic pressure due to gravity 2. Venous distention 3. Blood volume 4. Vaso- Veno constriction
35
Varicose veins
Valves are dysfunctional and pressure builds up
36
at low transmural pressure on vein what kind of compliance do we have
large compliance
37
AS vein has more pressure on it compliance goes____
down
38
Venous return in facilitated by
1. venoconstriction 2. valves in veins 3. skeletal muscle contraction 4. respiration 5. vasomomotor tone 6. blood volume
39
Where is the biggest drop in pressure?
arterioles | They are the resistors - more resistance to flow will drop pressure
40
Arteries
High pressure, high resistance
41
Veins
Low pressure, high volume
42
Vascular Smooth muscle vs. skeletal muscle
1. fibers are smaller 2. single central nucleus 3. no T-tubular system 4. SR poorly developed 5. few mitochondria 6. dense bodies (instead of z disks) 7. non striated 8. tonic constrictions - constant contractile tone on smooth muscle
43
Stimuli for contraction
``` Mechanical = stretch Electrical = opening of Ca channels Chemical = NE, Angiotensin II... ```
44
Smooth Muscle Tone is conferred by
1. Small but constant influence of neurohormonal substances on blood vessels 2. slow wave potentials
45
Slow wave potentials
depolariztion independent of nerve stimulation
46
Smooth muscle tone vs skeletal muscle contraction
Longer delay for contraction to occur (50x skeletal muscle) following by more prolonged contraction
47
Smooth muscle contraction diff from skeletal muscle
1. Myosin has to be phosphorylated (myosin light chain kinase) to activate myosin light chain 2. Ca is required to initiate contraction; binds to calmodulin and this regulates MLCK 3. Tropomyosin yes, toponin no 4. Slower ATPase activity 5. Relaxation requires myosin phosphatase
48
LaPlace's Law
Wall Tension | The necessary force to hold together a theoretical slit occurring in a vessel wall
49
LaPlace's Equation
``` T = Ptr T = tension Pt = transmural pressure r = radius Aorta = highest tension - aneurysm ```
50
Aneurysm
saclike enlargement of artery wall = inc radius = lower wall thickness = inc wall stress
51
Risk factors to aneurysm
``` hypertension smoking obesity atherosclerosis hypercholesterolemia genetic component too ```
52
Vessel wall ____ pipes
ARE NOT | reduce work of the system with more distensibility
53
Ohms Law
``` V = I x R P = F x R (flow times resistance) ```
54
Conductance =
1/R | R = resistance
55
MAP
CO x TPR (total peripheral resistance) | TPR = determind primarily from arterioles
56
How do we calculate MAP
DBP + 1/3 PP Diastolic blood pressure pulse pressure = systolic - diastolic
57
More viscous does what to resistance | More length does what to resistance
Both increase it
58
The more you inc pressure ____ with flow
Increase
59
Inc radius of a vessel ___ to resistance and flow
Decrease the resistance | Increase flow
60
Order of 2 increase in radius
2 2 2 2 = 16 change in flow of vessel
61
Vascular beds with least resistance
Get the most flow | blood follows the path of least resistance
62
During exercise what circulation has least resistance
Skeletal muscle - least resistance, more flow | Most = stuff youre not using
63
Viscosity
lack of slipperiness btw adjacent layers of moving fluid as viscosity inc, pressure required for flow increases V causes inc in resistance
64
Viscosity is influenced largely by ___
hematocrit | Inc hematocrit will inc viscosity and resistance
65
Flow
``` Volume of fluid that passes a specific point per unit of time CO or muscle blood flow P1-P2 ____ R ```
66
Velocity
distance blood travels per unit time | Q/CSA
67
Greater cross sectional area____
decrease velocity
68
Flow
stays constant even with change in CSA
69
Greatest cross sectional area | Arteries capillaries or veins
Capillaries
70
Velocity the lowest | Arteries capillaries or veins
Capillaries | More time for exchange
71
Velocity has what kid of relationship with CSA?
Inverse Highest velocity when CSA is lowest Flow stays the same
72
Reynolds number consists of what
flow velocity, vessel diameter, blood density and inversely related to blood viscosity
73
Higher Reynolds number = ____ turbulent flow
More
74
Where would you see turbulent flow?
``` 1. Taking blood pressure You are creating a turbulent flow Occlude arm flow when start and then as release pressure you are creating turbulence and then gone when you are done - laminar after 2. vascular disease 3. high blood flow velocity 4. large vessel diameter 5. abrupt changes in vessel diameter 6. anywhere that branch points occur 7. decreased blood viscosity ```
75
Turbulence ____ pressure gradient to generate a given amount of flow
increases
76
Systolic
Peak pressure exerted during systole Reflects cardiac output 120mmHg
77
Diastolic
minimum pressure in arteries during diastole Reflects total peripheral resistance 80mmHg
78
Mean Arterial Pressure
Average BP of one cardiac cycle | Diastolic BP + 1/3 PP
79
Pulse Pressure
SBP - DBP
80
With exercise what happens to sys and diastole
Systolic will increase (can get to 200) | Diastolic will stay the same or go down
81
What will lead BP to increase?
1. Blood volume inc 2. HR inc. 3. SV inc 4. Blood viscosity inc. 5. Peripheral resistance inc.
82
P =
F x R
83
Flow =
CO = HR x SV
84
SV =
EDV - ESV
85
____ is most guarded variable
Pressure
86
Where does the sympathetic nervous system act?
Resistance HR SV
87
Quick ways to change pressure
Inc flow and R and thereby inc pressure | Change HR or change resistance = quick ways

FS Exam 4 (6 decks)

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