Hemoflagellates

Question 1

Hemoflagellates that are pathogenic to man.

Nemonic: Leishmania - TBD
Tyrpanosoma - GRC

Answer 1

Leishmania: tropica
braziliensis
donovani

Trypanosoma: gambiense
rhodesiense
cruzi

Question 2

What are the morphological characteristics of hemoflagellates?

Guide: Hemo has xbox kinect

Answer 2

Has KINETOPLAST at anterior end

Fusiform/elongated body

Large ovoidal nucleus with central karyosome

Single anterior flagellum

Question 3

True or false hemoflagellates reproduce through binary fission

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is the MOT of hemoflagellates?

Answer 4

Anthropodborne

Question 5

What are the 4 stages of development in hemoflagellates?

Nemonic: APET/LLCT

Answer 5

Amastigote / Leishmania stage

Promastigote / Leptomonas stage

Epimastigote / Crithidia stage

Trypomastigote / Tryponasoma stage

Question 6

What is the morphological characteristics of the amastigote stage?

Answer 6

Ovoid shape

Kinetoplast near nucleus

Non-flagellated

Question 7

What is the morphological characteristics of promastigote stage?

Answer 7

Short spindle shaped

Single flagellum arising form kinetoplast at anterior end

NO undulating membrane

Question 8

What is the morphological characteristics of epimastigote stage?

Answer 8

Longer spindle shape

Kinetoplast centrally located

Has short undulating membrane

Question 9

What is the morphological characteristics of trypomastigote stage?

Answer 9

Kinetoplast located POSTERIORLY to the nucleus

Similar to epimastigote

Question 10

Amastigote - kinetoplast NEAR nucleus

Promastigote - kinetoplast ANTERIOR end with NO undulating membrane

Epimastigote - kinetoplast CENTRALLY located ANTERIOR to the nucleus WITH undulating membrane

Trypomastigote - kinetoplast located POSTERIOR to the nucleus.

Answer 10

POSITION OF KINETOPLAST

Amastigote - NEAR

Promastigote - ANTERIOR

Epimastigote - CENTRALLY, ANTERIOR to nucleus

Trypomastigote - POSTERIOR

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Question 11

True or false. Leishmania are facultative/opportunistic parasite.

Answer 11

False, obligate.

Question 12

What are the primary reservoir host of Leishmania l?

Answer 12

Canine and rodents

Question 13

True or false. All species of leishmania utilize sandfly as intermediate host.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

True or false. All species are morphologically identical.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What are the 2 morphological development of leishmania that affects humans?

Answer 15

Amastigote stage

Question 16

Where are amastigote stage of leishmania found?

Answer 16

Monocyte
Macrophage
Endothelial cells
Histocytes

Question 17

True or false. Amastigote stage of leishmania is exclusive to invertebrates.

Answer 17

False, only vertebrates.

Question 18

True or false. Promastigote stage of leishmania is exclusive to vertebrates?

Answer 18

False, only invertebrates.

Question 19

What is the infective form of cutaneous leishmania?

Answer 19

Promastogote stage

Question 20

What are the cutaneous leishmania?

Nemonic: OLD WORLD - TroMa
NEW WORLD - MexiPeru

Answer 20

OLD WORLD: L. tropica/ Dry (tropical ulcer, oriental sore, delhi ulcer)

                    L. major / Wet (moist wet ulcer on lower limbs) 

NEW WORLD: L. mexicana (chiclero ulcer)

                     L. peruviana (ulta)

Question 21

Where are the promastigote stage of leishmania found?

Answer 21

Midgut and proboscis of intermediate host (sandfly)

Question 22

What sandfly genus does cutaneous leishmania need?

Answer 22

Phlebotomous sandfly

Question 23

Characteristics of lesions of cutaneous leishmania.

Answer 23

Painless red papule

Intense itchiness

Question 24

What are the treatment of cutaneous leishmania?

Answer 24

1ST LINE DRUGS: Pentavalent 
Sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) DOC for all types of leishmania. 

Meglumine antimonate (Glucantime) alternate drug

2ND LINE DRUGS:

Amphotericin B (if unresponsive to pentavalent)
Pentamidine
Metronidazole
Itraconazole

Question 25

What is the dermal test for cutaneous leishmania?

Answer 25

Montenegro test

Question 26

What medium is used to culture cutaneous leishmania? Clue: Name of persons (NNN)

Answer 26

NNN medium (Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle)

Question 27

Cutaneous leishmania are stained with?

Answer 27

Giemsa or Wright stain

Question 28

What leishmania species causes mucocutaneous leishmania?

Answer 28

Leishmania braziliensis

Question 29

What sandfly genus is needed in leishmania braziliensis?

Answer 29

Lutzomyia genus

Question 30

Where are Leishmania braziliensis found?

Answer 30

Mucous membrane of: Nose Mouth Throat

Question 31

A species of leishmania that causes Tapir nose?

Answer 31

Leishmania braziliensis

Question 32

True or false. Pentostam is the drug of choice for all type of leishmaniasis.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What are the common causative agents for visceral leishmaniasis?

Answer 33

L. donovani L. chagasi L. infantum

Question 34

Considered as the most severe form of leishmaniasis? Type of leishmania that causes: Kala-azar, death fever, dumdum fever, black dse, tropical splenomegaly

Answer 34

Visceral leishmaniasis

Question 35

What genus of sandfly is needed by L. donovani & L. infantum?

Answer 35

Phlebotomous genus sandlfy

Question 36

What genus of sandlfy is needed by L. chagasi?

Answer 36

Lutzumyia genus

Question 37

What is the incubation period of visceral leishmaniasis?

Answer 37

2-18 mos

Question 38

What is the incubation period of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?

Answer 38

1-4 weeks

Question 39

What is the incubation period of cutaneous leishmaniasis?

Answer 39

2-4 weeks

Question 40

A parasitic dse that parasitize cells of the reticuloendothelial system of the body (slpeen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa)

Answer 40

Visceral leishmaniasis