HEMOGLOBIN

Question 1

One of the tests used to diagnose and follow the treatments of anemia.

Answer 1

Hemoglobin (HgB)

Question 2

hemoglobin also known as

Answer 2

Respiratory Pigment

Question 3

Main component of the RBC percent

Answer 3

95%

Question 4

Carry oxygen to and carbon from tissues.

Answer 4

Hemoglobin

Question 5

has iron (in ferrous state: binds 02)

Answer 5

heme

Question 6

portion

Answer 6

globin

Question 7

portion

Answer 7

globin

Question 8

Each Hgb has 4 subunits

Answer 8

4 heme & 4 globin

Question 9

Hemoglobin A

Answer 9

(2 alpha chains/2 beta chains)
> 95%

Question 10

Hemoglobin A2

Answer 10

(2 alpha chains/2 delta chains)
< 3.5%

Question 11

Hemoglobin F

Answer 11

(2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains)

1-2%

Question 12

Alpha chain is coded by

Answer 12

Chromosome 16

Question 13

Gamma, delta and beta by

Answer 13

Chromosome 11

Question 14

Types of Hemoglobin (Abnormal)

Answer 14

● Hemoglobin S
● Hemoglobin C
● Hemoglobin E
● Hemoglobin D
● Hemoglobin G
● Hemoglobin Lepore

Question 15

the predominant form of hemoglobin in healthy adults, comprising about 95–98% of the total
hemoglobin.

Answer 15

Hemoglobin A

Question 16

• Its primary function is oxygen transport, and it binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in peripheral
tissues.

Answer 16

Hemoglobin A

Question 17

• a minor adult hemoglobin variant, accounting for about 2–3.5% of the total hemoglobin.
• significance of ____ lies in its use as a marker in diagnosing certain hemoglobinopathies, such as β-
thalassemia, where its levels are often elevated.

Answer 17

Hemoglobin A2

Question 18

is the primary hemoglobin present during fetal development

Answer 18

Hemoglobin F

Question 19

has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to HbA, which facilitates oxygen transfer from the mother’s bloodstream to the fetus. HbF levels decrease significantly after birth and are usually replaced by HbA. In adults, HbF typically constitutes less than 1% of total hemoglobin, though elevated levels can be observed in conditions like hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) and some hemoglobinopathies.

Answer 19

Hemoglobin F

Question 20

• Hemoglobin whose structures has been modified due to drugs or environmental chemicals. They are dysfunctional hemoglobin that are unable to transport oxygen.

Answer 20

Hemoglobin Variants / Abnormal Hemoglobin Pigmentation/ Dyshemoglobin

Question 21

Can cause Increased O2 affinity thus decreasing the efficiency of Oxygen to be
delivered to the tissues.

Answer 21

Methemoglobin

Question 22

Caused by: oxidants (Nitrite, Primaquine, dapsone, Benzocane) or Methemoglobin Reductase deficiency

Answer 22

Methemoglobin

Question 23

Reversible (Treated by administration of Ascorbic Acid and Methylene Blue)

Answer 23

Methemoglobin

Question 24

Addition of Hydrogen sulfide to the hemoglobin (greenish pigment)

Answer 24

Sulfhemoglobin

Question 25

Irreversible

Answer 25

Sulfhemoglobin

Question 26

caused by sulfonamides, phenacetin, nitrites, phenylhydrazine

Answer 26

Sulfhemoglobin

Question 27

combination of heme and carbon monoxide

Answer 27

Carboxyhemoglobin

Question 28

CO has an affinity to hemoglobin of 240x than that of oxygen.

Answer 28

Carboxyhemoglobin

Question 29

reversible (Treated by Oxygen Saturation or Hyperbaric oxygen therapy)

Answer 29

Carboxyhemoglobin

Question 30

Hemoglobin Determination: Reference Method

Answer 30

Cyanmethemoglobin (Hemiglobincyanide)

Question 31

Uses Drabkin’s Reagent • Contains

Answer 31

PotassiumCyanide,PotassiumFerricyanide,potassiumdihydrogenphosphateor sodium bicarbonate, and a non ionic compound (improves cell lysis)

Question 32

Potassium ferricyanide:

Answer 32

hemoglobin - methemoglobin

Question 33

Potassiumcyanide:

Answer 33

methemoglobin-cyanmethemoglobin

Question 34

All hemoglobin types and variants are measures except

Answer 34

sulfhemoglobin

Question 35

reagent and blood measurement

Answer 35

5 ml or 5000 ul of regent, 20 ul or 0.02 ml of whole blood.

Question 36

read

Answer 36

540nm

Question 37

Reference Range (Rodak)

Answer 37

• Male- 14-18 g/dL • Female- 12-15 g/dL • Newborn- 16.5 -21.5 g/dL

Question 38

Sources of Error for Hemoglobin Technical

Answer 38

Pipetting errors • Dirty and scratch cuvettes • Deteriorated reagent

Question 39

Biologic

Answer 39

Lipemic Sample • Leukocytosis •HgbSandHgbC • Waldenstorm Macroglobulinemia and Multiple Myeloma

Question 40

is the volume of packed RBC that occupies a given volume of blood.

Answer 40

Hematocrit (HCT) or packed cell volume

Question 41

reported as

Answer 41

% or L/L

Question 42

hematocrit anticoagulant

Answer 42

edta or heparin

Question 43

seal clay at least

Answer 43

4mm long

Question 44

Centrifuge for

Answer 44

5 mins between speed of 10,000 x g – 15,000 x g

Question 45

two methods

Answer 45

• Macrohematocrit (uses wintrobe tube) • Microhematocrit (uses capillary tube)

Question 46

Hematocrit (HCT)

Answer 46

• Male 40-54% (0.40-0.54 L/L) Female 35-49% (0.35-0.49 L/L) Newborn 53-65% (0.53-0.65 L/L) Child 30-43% (0.30-0.43 L/L)

Question 47

Hematocrit (HCT): Sources of Error Falsely Decrease

Answer 47

• Incomplete sealing of tubes. • Hemolysis • Overanticoagulated Blood

Question 48

Falsely Increased

Answer 48

• Reading including the buffy coat • Inadequate centrifugation • Abnormal RBC Morphology: Macrocytic Anemia, Spherocytosis, Thalassemia, Hypochromic Anemia, Sickle Cell Anemia