Hemostasis

Question 0

Endothelium

Answer 0

Controls blood flow rate and vessel permeability
Negatively charged
secretes procoagulant and anticoagulants

Question 1

Hemostasis

Answer 1

Balance between bleeding and thrombosis

Initiated by a break in the endothelial membrane

Question 2

Procoagulant

Answer 2

Von Willibrand factor
tissue factor
thrombomodulin

Question 3

Primary hemostasis

Answer 3

first response to injury
local vasoconstriction
limit bleeding
lasts for a few minutes only

Question 4

Platelets

Answer 4

Inactive cellular element stimulated by the endothelium
Adheres to break in endothelium
flattens at the site of injury and develops receptors for clotting factors
aggregates with other platelets (unstable clot)

Question 5

Platelet adhesion

Answer 5

Interaction with platelet and endothelium

Question 6

Von Willibrand factor

Answer 6

Von Willibrand factor most common in platelet adhesion

Question 7

Platelet activation

Answer 7

Alpha granules form stable connection with other platelets

Question 8

Platelet plug

Answer 8

Still an unstable hemostatic plug

Question 9

Coagulation Cascade / Secondary Hemostasis

Answer 9

fibrin clot formation; cements the clot together

Question 10

Calcium

Answer 10

crucial component of secondary hemostasis

Question 11

Clotting factors

Answer 11

factor 1: etc etc

Question 12

Protein C and Protein S

Answer 12

clot formation inhibitor. W/o this you will form clots that result to infarctions
Intrinsic pathway

Question 14

Fibrinolysis

Answer 14

requires activation of plasmin

Question 15

Thrombus

Answer 15

clot in an unbroken vessel

Question 16

Embolus

Answer 16

abnormal object moving through a blood vessel, clot, air bubble, lipid droplet, thrombus, etc.

Question 17

Heparin

Answer 17

Anticoagulant against thrombin

Question 18

Thomboembolism

Answer 18

Common causes: (Thrombi)
Tissue damage
Hereditary
Rest
Obstetric
Malignancy
Blood Flow
Immune mechanisms

Question 19

Ecchymoses

Answer 19

bruise not caused by trauma (hematoma)

Question 20

Coagulation disorders

Answer 20

hematomas are deep
bleeding into cavities
delayed bleeding (bleeding and bleeding)
pressure may not control bleeding

Question 21

Petechiae

Answer 21

small pinpoint hematomas (red dots)
superficial
caused by minor hemorrhage
dysfunctional platelets

Question 22

Purpuras

Answer 22

round in diameter, about 1 cm, bruise
purple discoloration of skins
bleeding under skin

Question 23

Hematoma

Answer 23

collection of clotted blood in an organ, tissue, space or cavity

Question 24

hemarthrosis

Answer 24

bleeding into joints, a hematoma

Question 25

Prothrombin time

Answer 25

measures extrinsic pathway, a test

Question 26

apTT

Answer 26

measures intrinsic pathway, a test | prolongs only if factor levels are low

Question 39

Vitamin K

Answer 39

inhibitor of coagulation factors 2, 7, 9, 10 -> extrinsic pathway, Vitamin K dependent factors post translational modification of these factors (activates them) requires vitamin K

Question 40

Thrombin time

Answer 40

time to form a clot, a test | prolongation is due to decreased fibrinogen activity

Question 41

Coagulation-factor assay

Answer 41

Deficiencies: factor 8: hemophilia A factor 9: hemophilia B factor 11: hemophilia C Hemophilia usually presents as significant bleeding factor 12 not associated with clinical bleeding

Question 42

Vascular defects

Answer 42

``` no platelet or coagulation problem spontaneous bleeds lab findings may be normal fragile blood vessels ex. scurvy, senile purpura, etc ```

Question 43

Von Willebrand factor deficiency

Answer 43

most common congenital bleeding disorder | usually in females

Question 44

Warfarin

Answer 44

antagonist of vitamin K