Henry 8 Flashcards
(376 cards)
1
Q
Who edited the Great Bible?
A
Cranmer
2
Q
What was the consequence of Mary (sister) getting married to Suffolk?
A
Couldn’t be used for diplomatic purposes
3
Q
When did Anne and Henry 8 marry?
A
January 1533, secret ceremony
4
Q
What did Cromwell start to do in 1529?
A
Collect evidence of clerical abuses
5
Q
When was the Anne of Cleves marriage?
A
1540
6
Q
What was government 1540-47
A
Conciliar
7
Q
What were Wolsey’s policies centred on?
A
Strengthening royal authority and raising finance
8
Q
Spiritual reasons for dissolution?
A
Monks loyal to Rome
Bastions of Catholic doctrine
Corruption - poor behaviour and piety
9
Q
What Dutch scholar visited England 4 times from 1509-14?
A
Erasmus
10
Q
What did merchants fail to procure?
A
Royal support for exploration
11
Q
3 successes of the conservative faction
A
Six articles of 1537, Marriage to Catherine Howard, Fall of Cromwell
12
Q
Ostensible reason for Eltham Ordinances?
A
Reduce royal household expenditure
13
Q
Who did Henry 8 send to Scotland to lead army?
A
Duke of Norfolk
14
Q
Did Henry 8 use nobility and gentry more or less than Henry 7?
A
Much more
15
Q
Henry 8 initial attitude to nobles
A
Their sons were his personal companions. Influence still limited due to Wolsey domination
16
Q
What were the first set of injunctions against? (3)
A
Pilgrimages, relics, images
17
Q
What % of England and Wales land were monastic lands and sold off?
A
16%
18
Q
When did Cromwell start the visitations?
A
1535
19
Q
When were the first and second suppression acts?
A
1536 and 1541
20
Q
How much did 1522 national survey raise?
A
£200,000
21
Q
Secondary reason for Eltham Ordinances?
A
Wolsey could reduce the influence of the Privy Chamber
22
Q
What year did the Treaty of Andres dictate Boulogne would be returned?
A
1554
23
Q
When were Dereham and Culpepper executed?
A
1541
24
Q
How did Katherine Parr relate to humanism?
A
Had a humanist education.
Gathered a humanist circle and patronised art/literature.
25
Terms of Treaty of Andres
Peace.
Henry 8 would keep Boulogne.
Pension to Henry 8 would be resumed.
If French kept paying pension then Boulogne would be returned to France.
26
When was Anne B crowned queen?
May 1533, following Cranmer annulling previous marriage
27
What was the 1537 Bishops Book?
Response to anger over the ten articles. Restored 4 omitted sacraments - lower status.
28
What did the 1540s conservative faction believe?
Accepted break with Rome, but opposed doctrinal change
29
Cromwell's Act of Supremacy
1534, King declared Supreme Head of the Church INNNN England - papal authority subsequently no longer recognised. BREAK FROM ROME
30
When was the Duke of Buckingham executed?
1521
31
How many members of Cromwell's privy council?
20 ish
32
What did Henry 8 lose due to 1513 France campaign?
His french pension
33
Effect of 1534 Act of Succession
Mary became illegitimate
34
Cromwell changes to council
Royal council transformed into Privy council (much smaller). Changed the type of people.
35
How and when was Cranmer rewarded for his helping of the king?
Made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532
36
2 main protestant beliefs Cromwell and Cranmer introduced
Justification by faith - you can achieve grace by faith alone.
Consubstantiation - bread and wine SPIRITUALLY the body and blood - not physically so
37
When was the Wales Act?
1536
38
Where did tin mining succeed?
Cornwall
39
What war did Wolsey suggest in 1528?
War with Spain
40
What were the Irish reforms of 1541?
Declared it a Kingdom.
Created counties, granted nobles same legal protections as English ones.
All lands had to be surrendered - returned when loyalty oaths were given.
41
When did German protestants come to England?
1520s
42
When did Henry 8 attack Scotland for first time?
1542
43
How many people were involved in Lincolnshire Rising and Piligrimage of Grace?
40,000
44
Why did Henry 8 join the league of cognac?
Charles V refused invasion of northern france in 1525
45
The Merchant Adventurers
Flourished in Henry 8's reign.
Traded in finished cloth, sent to base in Antwerp for dyeing and finishing.
Controlled trade with north-west Germany.
46
Who did the Pope Clement 7 send as an envoy?
Cardinal Campeggio
47
When did Wolsey have the idea of the Privy Council?
As early as 1526
48
What year was Treaty of Cambrai?
1517
49
When was Wolsey chief minister?
1514-1529
50
Alternative reason for 1536 succession act (not Elizabeth)
Allowed Henry to legitimise Henry Fitzroy, the Duke of Richmond
51
What were the English clergy collectively accused of and when?
Praemunire in 1531
52
What did Somerset do 43-45?
Border raids vs Scotland
53
How was Henry 8 lucky in relation to P of G?
Duke of Norfolk showed flexibility and restraint
54
Economic grievances P of G
Taxation
Tenants grievances
55
What was Robert Thorne doing during Henry 8's reign?
Continued involvement in an Iceland and Newfoundland fishery.
56
1536 Succession Act
Removed Elizabeth.
Said in absence of legitimate heir, the king could determine succession by will.
57
What was Cabot doing during Henry 8's reign?
In Spain, 2 short visits to England.
58
What English company flourished?
Merchant Adventurers
59
Ten Articles mix of influences
No to praying to saints to forgive sins
Yes to confession
60
5 successes of reform faction
Fall of Catherine H
Catherine Parr marriage
Plot against Gardiner
Arrest of Norfolk
Denny got access to dry stamp
61
When was Amicable Grant brought in?
1525
62
What did the 1539 Six Articles do?
Reasserted Catholic doctrine.
Made denying transubstantiation heretical
63
When was the Treaty of Nice?
1538
64
When was Wolsey charged with praemunire?
October 1529
65
What was the legal abuse many clergy committed?
Corruption of legal priviliges
66
What was the Treaty of Amiens?
England - France alliance
67
Why did Southampton boom?
Trade with Venice
68
What title did Henry 8 adopt in 1541?
King of Ireland
69
What did Henry have to do to his assets due to 1513 campaigns?
Liquidate his assets
70
When was Treaty of Greenwich (betrothal of MQOS and Edward VI)?
1543
71
What was Cromwell's reaction to Treaty of Nice?
6 Articles + Anne
72
When did Wolsey suspend enclosure legal cases?
1523-26
73
How many monasteries closed?
900
74
What 7 year unbroken period did parliament meet in Henry 8's reign?
1529-1536 REFORMATION PARLIAMENT
75
What was the Act of Succession 1534?
Annulled marriage in law, gave succession to Anne's children, to deny Anne mariage TREASON
76
When did Henry 8 declare war on France for 2nd time?
1522
77
What was non-residence?
Recieving profits of a post but being absent from it
78
What position did Wolsey get in 1514?
Archbishop of York
79
In P of G, where in particular were tenants' grievances notable?
Cumberland and Westmoreland
80
Change in way you rise to prominence in politics
Through univeristy or legal training, not the church. Cromwell a lawyer, Wolsey a cleric
81
Change in food prices
Doubled
82
What did Henry 8 think about initial moves toward Protestantism?
Disliked them - SIX ARTICLES WERE HIM
83
When did Luther start attacking the church?
1517
84
Where did new blast furnaces increase more iron ore?
Sussex and Kent
85
What year was the battle of pavia?
1525
86
What was the League of Cognac?
France, Papacy, England to counterbalance Charles V's power in northern Italy
87
What was destroyed during the change in religious doctrine?
Relics and images
88
When was the Pilgrimage of Grace?
1536
89
Relationship between Henry 8 and the Merchant Adventurers?
He gave them special privileges, they gave him loans.
90
What was humanist about St. Pauls School?
Humanist headteacher, curriculum influenced by Erasmus, governors from city guild not clergy.
91
Where did Wolsey first properly exhibit his organisational abilities?
France campaign
92
Reasons for allowing Durham to keep some independence?
1 - Historical precedence
2 - Close to Scotland, control over decisions useful
3 - Turnstall was loyal and supportive
4 - Volatile region
93
Wales administration before 1536
No unified administration or formal political link to England
94
What was based in Ludlow from 1536?
Council of Wales and the Marches
95
What was the Earl of Hartford sent to do and when?
Sent to raid Scottish cities. Achieved little. 1543
96
What happened in Ireland in 1539?
Two Irish nobles tried to invade the Pale
97
Example of noble rewarded by Henry 8
Suffolk given land after Lincolnshire rebellion
98
What did the Court of Chancery do?
Uphold 'fair' justice in relation to enclosure, contracts, and land theft in wills.
99
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
1533 - No appeals to Rome about church court decisions in England
100
Cromwell's Treason Act
1534 - treason to call king a heretic. Treason could be done through words, writing, or deeds. Executed Thomas More in 1535
101
How did James V humiliate Henry?
Refused to negotiate following pro-French policy
102
What was Treaty of London?
1518 - Major European powers signed non-aggression pact. Each signed with England seperately.
103
How is Henry's 1530s FP best summarised?
How best to succeed with his 'great matter'
104
When was Henry 8's jousting accident?
1536
105
Was the restraint of annates popular or unpopular?
VERY unpopular. Fierce opposition
106
Caveat to Southampton success
Shortlived
107
How did Seymour plan influence for new reign during last years of Henry 8?
Was entangled with Catherine Parr. Convinced her to marry Henry 8, married her just months after Henry died.
108
Way Cromwell did not revolutionise finance?
Continued to manage it from Privy Council
109
How did Norfolk deal with 1537 renewed rebellion?
Declared martial law.
74 rebels hanged.
Lenient treatment thereafter.
110
How many times did Wolsey call parliament?
Twice
111
What was submission of the clergy?
May 1532 - surrended church's law making function to the king and gave him power to choose the bishops..... Cranmer followed
112
What was engrossing?
The amalgamation of farms
113
Cromwell introduced what petition in 1532
Supplication against the ordinances. Calling for the king to deal with corrupt clergy.
114
Effect of cheap selling off of confiscated property in 1540s?
Expansion of size and wealth of landholding gentry
115
When was Greek new testament with latin translation published by Erasmus?
1516
116
How is Henry's 1540s FP best summarised?
Aggressive, final pursuit of glory
117
After Wolsey, what was government?
Conciliar 1529-32
118
Three ways Henry 8 tried to deal with financial burden of 1544-46 war?
1 - Sold off large amounts of crown estate
2 - Borrowed huge amounts
3 - Debased coinage - BAD INFLATION
119
What job did Thomas More get in 1529?
Lord Chancellor
120
When was a short-term artificial boom?
1544-46
121
Who were arrested early in Henry 8's reign?
Empson and Dudley
122
What law did P of G oppose?
1536 Injunctions
123
How were courtly conspirators involved in P of G?
Former supporters of C of Aragon.
Wanted to restore Mary as heir.
Exploited northerners concerns to pressurise Henry 8.
124
When did Henry 8 make the clergy recognise him as "Supreme Head" of the church?
1531
125
How many rebels were hanged following renewal of rebellion in 1537?
74
126
What were the two reasons that Wolsey called parliament - and in what years?
1515 - Hunne Case, Bishop scandal
1523 - Taxation due to foreign policy
127
What was Wolsey's response to Leo X's call for a crusade?
Thought it unlikely but saw it as an opportunity to place England at centre of European affairs
128
Which succession act re-legitimised Mary and Elizabeth as heirs?
1544
129
Leader of Pilgrimage of Grace?
Robert Aske
130
Who did CofA appeal to due to the fake trial?
Pope Clement 7
131
When did Wolsey become a cardinal?
1515
132
How many troops did Henry 8 take to Boulogne?
48,000
133
What was government between 1509 and 1514?
Conciliar
134
What was pluralism?
Recieving profits of more than one post
135
When did Mary of Guise and James V marry?
1538
136
Example of Henry 8's insecurity?
Willingness to resort to execution for treason on flimsy excuses
137
3 financial institutions Cromwell created
Court of Augmentations
Court of First Fruits and Tenths
Court of Wards
138
Why was there a short-term artifical boom in 44-46?
Debasement - more coinage in circulation
139
What did the King's Book do?
Revised the Bishop's book. Largely conservative, some protestant features.
140
How was 1534 Irish Rebellion dealt with?
Brutally suppressed. Increased resentment.
141
What marriage alliance was agreed with Charles V and in what treaty?
Treaty of Bruges 1521 - Charles V would marry Mary (daughter)
142
Why did Charles V being elected emperor of HRE put him in opposition to France?
Encircled France from both sides. Inherited father's commitment to Milan, which France controlled!
143
Outlook of reform faction
Accept break with Rome, see it as an opportunity to go further
144
Who was Seymour related to?
Somerset was his brother.
Jane Seymour was his sister.
145
What shows us the rebels demands in P of G?
The Pontefract Articles
146
When was the Act for the Advancement of True Religion?
1543
147
When was the Pact of Toledo?
1539
148
What did the 1536 ten articles do?
Omitted four of 7 sacraments
Made eucharist (transubstantiation) ambiguous.
Praying to saints rejected.
149
What was astonishing about population growth in London?
Death rate exceeded birth rate the entire Tudor period - all migration!!!
150
Apart from Scotland, where else did France send troops in 1545?
The Isle of Wight
151
Continuity in religion by 1547
Church hierarchy mostly intact.
Interiors of churches mostly unaltered.
Services traditional - in Latin, music important
6 articles and fall of cromwell weakened reform
152
What could Wolsey be accused of doing in relation to parliament?
Governing without it.
153
2 periods for commoners
First half: no change in living standards
Second half: inflation brought fall in real incomes
154
When was debasement first attempted?
1526
155
When did Henry 8 trial begin?
June 1529
156
When was the national survey?
1522
157
When was there a renewal of rebellion following P of G?
1537
158
Which succession act removed Elizabeth?
1536
159
Where was renewed rebellion in 1537?
Cumberland and East Riding
160
What did the church still have after cromwell?
Its own financial system and courts
161
When was Wolsey arrested?
1530, died before he could be tried/executed
162
What were subject to wild variations?
Food prices
163
What did Wolsey do when he was charged with praemunire?
Retired to Yorkshire, surrendered his possessions to the king.
164
When was the Council in the North re-established?
1536
165
What Scottish king invaded England in 1513?
James 4
166
What did Henry 8 abolish days into his reign?
Council Learned in Law
167
Who did Henry 8 ally with in 1543?
Charles V
168
What was the 1534 succession act?
Removed Mary
169
What was Henry 8's normal income?
£110,000 / a year
170
Early in Henry 8's reign, when did France and Scotland renew the auld alliance?
1512
171
Why was Pope Clement 7 reluctant to cooperate?
Charles V HRE + King of Spain opposed annulment. In May 1527 had taken Pope prisoner.
172
When did Henry 8 marry Anne of Cleves?
1539
173
Why did conciliar government break down by 1514?
Disagreements between Henry and councillors - war over France, preference for young courtiers
174
How many did Henry take to France in 1513?
30,000
175
At what battle did Charles V defeat Francis I?
Battle of Pavia
176
How long did Campeggio take to travel?
Many months
177
What happened with the Great Bible?
Distributed to every church, chained to pulpit
178
What saint was particularly important to partakers in the Piligrimage of Grace?
Saint Wilfred
179
What was humanism?
Belief you could improve mankind through religion
180
What was Henry 8 accused of in his fake trial?
Living in sin due to his marriage with his brother's widow
181
When was first complete English Bible printed?
1535
182
How much did 1554-46 war cost Henry 8?
£2 million
183
How many soldiers did Henry send to SW France in 1512?
10,000
184
Visual culture in Henry 8's reign
Combined renaissance and gothic elements
185
What battle took place with scotland in 1513?
Battle of Flodden
186
Population change in Henry 8 reign
2.1 million to 2.9 million
187
What was resentment of the dissolution exacerbated by?
Fears that parish churches would be attacked
188
Coventry poverty
Effect of assessment for subsidies
Half of coventry had no personal wealth
189
What was the Treaty of Bruges?
SECRET alliance between England and Charles V. Notably..... Wolsey negotiated not Henry.
190
Who inherited Scottish throne after death of James V?
Mary, Queen of Scots
191
What did the dissolution mean in terms of the House of Lords?
Clergy were a minority for first ever time
192
What did Henry do in foreign policy in 1513?
Led an army himself to France
193
What is a papal legate?
The pope's personal representative
194
What was the situation when Campeggio adjourned?
Did not agree to annulment
195
How did Cromwell change the makeup of the council?
Instead of traditional nobility, trained lawyers and administrators
196
Why did Thomas Fitzgerald rebel?
Break from Rome.
197
How many prisoners taken in Scotland campaign?
1000
198
Treaty of Cambrai
Charles V and Maximilian made peace with France - LEFT ENGLAND ISOLATED AS FUCK
199
When did Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond die?
1536
200
When had the Court of Star Chamber been established and why?
Henry 7's reign
Offshoot of King's Council
201
When did Pope Paul 3 give the papal order that Henry 8 was essentially fair game to any catholic?
1538
202
3 negative effects of population growth
Food shortages
More labour, wages stagnated
Urbanisation ....urban poverty
203
Why did Henry 8 not push on in Scotland?
Too costly
204
How many days was Henry 7's death hidden?
Two
205
What happened at the Battle of Flodden?
James 4 killed, much of Scottish nobility too
206
Was Henry 8 interested in exploration?
No. Not at all.
207
Effect of increase of agricultural prices
Increase in farming incomes
Increased wealth for husbandmen, yeomen, and landowners.
208
What government position did Wolsey get in 1515?
Lord Chancellor
209
Where boomed on the south coast?
Southampton
210
What were Campeggio's instructions from the pope?
Delay the hearing, ensure no verdict was reached.
211
Example of how Henry 8 realised he could not push people too hard?
Supplemented revenue for 1544-46 war with monastic land profit, not taxes
212
Where did Frances I send troops in 1545?
To Scotland to support an invasion
213
How many houses did WOLSEY dissolve?
20 ish
214
What can be said about Wolsey's economic policy?
NO coherent policy
215
When did population begin to grow?
1525
216
Why did Anne and Henry 8 marry in secret?
She was pregnant!
217
What did Henry 8 do with France in 1532?
Made a further alliance to pressurise Charles into supporting annulment - FAILED
218
When did Wolsey call an enquiry into enclosure?
1517
219
Who led the Ottoman turks?
Suleiman the magnificent
220
What was the 'reformation parliament'?
1529-36. Divorce and reform of church
221
What did Wolsey do instead of using local commisioners to assess taxpayer's wealth?
Set up network of royal comissioners he appointed himself
222
What did the supression acts do?
Dissolve the monasteries
223
New agricultural techniques
Crop rotation, superior breeding
224
Which succession act re-legitimised Mary and Elizabeth as heirs?
1544
225
Three failures of Conservative faction?
Catherine Howard beheaded, Cranmer led the investigation into himself, Henry 8 took his wife's side when they plotted against Parr
226
What is praemunire?
Using papal authority against the crown
227
Non-spiritual reasons for dissolution
Nobles could be bought with land
To finance Henry's army
Outdated? 1535 Poor Law provided support in villages, printing reduced need for scribes.
228
Who founded St. Pauls School in London?
John Colet
229
What did the execution of the Duke of Buckingham show?
Henry wouldn't accept doubtful loyalty.
Wanted full support from nobles.
230
How much was left to Henry 8?
Disputed. A lot. Either £300,000 or £1.5 million or £375 million
231
2 groups in landed elites
Nobles
Gentry
232
2 key members of conservative faction
Duke of Norfolk, Stephen Gardiner
233
What was the point of a pension?
Would be paid to someone as long as they did not attack. E.g. Henry 7 £5000 a year.
234
2 parties that Cromwell tried to ally to prior to the Treaty of Nice
The French
The League of Shmalkalden
235
Why was 1514 french campaign cancelled?
France made peace with Ferdinand and Maximillian
236
When was the Treaty of Amiens?
1527
237
Where were Charles V and Henry 8 meant to march upon in 1544?
Paris
238
What key incident spelled the end for Cromwell?
Anne of Cleves marriage
239
Why did France and England agree peace in 1546?
Neither side could afford it
240
Who did Mary (Henry 8's sister) marry after Louis 12 died?
Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk
Henry's best friend....
Didn't tell him their plans!
241
Two main bad harvests in Henry 8 reign?
1520-21 and 1527-29
242
What was simony?
Buying church office
243
Increase in gentry families by 1540 - what numebr did it reach?
5000
244
How did Wolsey try to free the pope?
Used France alliance and renewal of warfare in Italy.
245
How did James V pursue a pro-French policy?
Married Mary of Guise
246
When were the ten articles?
1536
247
The 4 secular reasons for P of G
- Suffolk imposition (Lincolnshire)
- Taxation
- Tenants' conerns (cumberland and westmoreland)
- Courtly conspiracy to restore Mary as heir
248
Where did Scots defeat England in 1545?
Battle of Ancrum Moor
249
Why did Henry 8 marry Anne of Cleves?
Seeking an alliance with the protestant league of SHMALKALDEN
250
Importance of Henry 8's sister Margaret?
James 4's wife - became regent when he died for James 5 (child)
251
What's significant about the sale of Tournai?
Less than what England spent rebuilding it!
252
Second Act in Restraint of Annates
Annates paid to king. Court set up to administer
253
Name a year where the Council in the North proved its use?
1549
254
Which succession act removed Mary?
1534
255
When did Wolsey become papal legate?
1518
256
What were Lancashire, Chesire, and Durham prior to 1536?
Palatinates. Seperate jurisdictions.
257
When did Wolsey extend the use of the court of Star Chamber?
1516
258
Who was the Bishop of Durham in 1536?
Turnstall
259
What was Cardinal Pole sent into Europe to do?
Rouse support for a crusade against Henry
260
Were 1541 Irish reforms successful?
No. Lacked resources to follow through, little loyalty to English crown, governor only controlled the Pale in reality.
261
Why did Wolsey suspend legal cases against enclosure?
Opposition from landlords in parliament
262
What was the Truce of Nice?
Peace between France and Spain/HRE, ending the italian war
263
What was the rumour associated with the 1536 injunctions?
Plates and jewels would be confiscated.
264
What helped Henry's position become more secure in 1539?
The relationship between Charles and Francis broke down.
265
When did large monasteries begin being dissolved?
1539
266
When did peace with Scotland last until following 1513?
Until 1542
267
How did woollen cloth exports change?
Almost doubled
268
What was the Amicable Grant in theory?
A voluntary gift to the king
269
Benefit of Council of Wales and the Marches based in Ludlow?
Offered area relatively cheap and local access to the law.
270
What market declined?
Raw wool
271
When did the scots reject the Treaty of Greenwich?
December 1543
272
When were the Six Articles?
1539
273
What was significant about Francis and Charles at the Truce of Nice?
They couldn't sit in the same room because they hated each other so much.
274
Which Henry 8 children had humanist tutors?
Edward and Elizabeth
275
What did Henry 8 do as a gesture of goodwill to nobility days into his reign?
Cancelled 175 bonds
276
When did Maximilian die and who replaced him?
1519 - Charles V
277
Two ports used less due to increased reliance on London
Bristol and Hull
278
How many bishops resigned due to the Six Articles?
Two
279
By 1536 what had changed in terms of legal precedence?
Statute law represented ultimate authority
280
What noble was executed in 1521?
Duke of Buckingham
281
How did Pope Paul 3 describe Henry 8?
The most cruel and abominable tyrant
282
When did Henry 8 marry CofA
June 1509
283
3 main types of corruption in the church
Pluralism, simony, non-residence
284
When was Henry 8's Bishops Book?
1537
285
What court did Wolsey preside over?
Court of Chancery
286
Was Lincolnshire rising or pilgrimage of grace more militant?
P of G
287
How much was spent on 1522-25 wars?
£430,000
288
How much did Field of the Cloth of Gold cost Henry?
£15,000
289
What was the significance of the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
Catherine could not appeal annulment
290
What was the 1544 succession act?
Re-legitimised Elizabeth and Mary
291
What did Cromwell write about the King?
Everyone had to offer him total obedience as he was chosen by God.
292
When did laws against engrossing and sheep ownership come in?
1534
293
Who had administered Ireland up until 1534?
9th Earl of Kildare
294
Henry 8 and humanism
Saw himself as a promoter of new ideas and humanism
295
What did Cromwell do to the Palitanates, and when?
1536, brought them under English control
296
By the end of Henry 8's reign, what had humanist influences gained?
A lasting hold on universities
297
When did Wolsey call a trial of Henry?
1527
298
When did Thomas Fitzgerald rebel in Ireland?
1534
299
When was the Treaty of Bruges?
1521
300
How is Henry's early FP best summarised?
Wanted glory and victory in France
301
In Henry 8's will, if E, M, E all died without heirs... who should succeed them?
Descendents of Mary (his sister) - Grandmother of Lady Jane Grey
302
When did Henry 8 provide his final will?
1546
303
Why did Lord Chancellor mean power for Wolsey?
A - In control of royal government
B - All courtiers had to go through him to speak to the king
304
Holy League - year, enemy, members
1510 --- France --- England, HRE, Papacy
305
Main thing imports increased of:
Wine
306
When did Cardinal Campgeggio adjourn legatine court?
July 1529
307
What battle did Henry win in 1513?
Battle of the Spurs
308
First professor of Greek at Cambridge?
Erasmus
309
When were the first set of royal injunctions?
1536
310
What did Norfolk do with P of G rebels?
His forces met them.
Offered pardon to all of them.
Offered them lies.
311
By 1547, how much of the confiscated property had been sold off?
Nearly 2/3
312
What did first set of injunctions require?
Clergy to teach about 10 articles - lord's prayer and commandments in english
313
Why did Leo X call for European unity?
Wanted a crusade against expanding Ottoman Empire (muslims)
314
What was the most important export in Henry 8's reign?
Woollen cloth
315
What did Henry 8 continue to use in localities, like his father?
Justices of the Peace instead of nobles
316
What did enclosure and engrossment turn many peasants into?
Labourers or migrants
317
Why did England suffer defeat at Gascony - and what year?
1512 - drunkedness, illness, most of all failure of Ferdinand of Spain to provide promised support
318
What Scot signed the Treaty of Greenwich?
The Earl of Arran
319
What made tensions worse with France in 1515?
Louis 12 died.
Francis I political AND personal rival.
320
When did agricultural prices begin to rise?
1520s
321
What was the Treaty of Greenwich?
1 - peace between England and Scotland
2 - betrothal of MQOS and Prince Edward
3 - steps towards uniting the two kingdoms
322
What tension occured at the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
Francis I beat Henry 8 at a wrestling match
323
Where did Henry capture in 1513?
Therouanne and Tournai
324
What was the Pact of Toledo?
Francis/Charles agreement to not enter any alliance without mutual consent. Severed connections with England.
325
What did Henry 8 set up in his will?
A regency council for Edward
326
How much was spent on 1512/13 wars?
£960,000
327
What was the restraint of annates?
Annates were taxes paid by clergy upon taking up appointments to the papacy.
328
What two lies did Norfolk tell P of G rebels?
1 - dissolved monasteries would be restored
2 - a free parliament would be established
329
Most important English humanist writer
Thomas More
330
Example of how insignificant 1513 gains were in France?
Tournai sold back to France in 1519
331
What was Cranmer part of in Cambridge?
A group of German protestants
332
When did Henry 8 bring in reforms in Ireland?
1541
333
What did Henry 8 promise to send into France with the Treaty of Bruges?
30,000 men
334
What were parliament encouraged to do in 1529?
Voice anti-clerical feelings
335
What was the reason Wolsey was awarded with papal legate?
Organisation of the treaty of london
336
Two ways the increase in power of parliament was temporary?
Henry 8 barely called it in the 1540s
Liz 1 didn't use it as much
337
What was the 1546 France/England peace deal?
Treaty of Andres
338
When did Wolsey introduce the Eltham Ordinances?
1526
339
What ship of Henry's was sunk by the French and when?
1545 - his flagship the Mary Rose
340
When did Henry ask Wolsey for papal dispensation for annulment?
1525
341
When was Field of the Cloth of Gold?
1520
342
What did the Court of First Fruits and Tenths do?
Clergy had to pay a portion of their first year income (annates) and 10% thereafter. Administered this income.
343
When did Cromwell rise to power?
1532
344
1542 victory against Scotland
Military successes throughout campaign.
Battle of Solway Moss
345
Example of businessman who grew power
William Stumpe became MP and high sheriff
346
What was the 1544 agreement between Charles V and Francis I?
Treaty of Crepy. Seperate peace, allowed France to threaten counterattack on England
347
Where did Charles V also gain control of beyond Spain and HRE?
Burgundy
348
2 key members of reform faction
Edward Seymour, Archbishop Cranmer
349
What did northerners resent in regards to the Council in the North?
Appointment of southerners
350
Who did Henry 8 and Charles V blame for not marching on Paris?
Each other
351
What was the Act for Advancement of True Religion do?
Restricted public reading of the bible to upper-class males.
352
3 people who established themselves in power very quickly after Henry 7 died?
Fox, Lovell, Weston
353
How many refusals of Amicable Grant did Norfolk and Suffolk face?
4000
354
What did the clergy have to do because they were accused of praemunire?
Pay £118,000 as a fine
355
Suffolk relation to P of G?
Hatred towards his imposition in Lincolnshire as a magnate
356
How long after Battle of Solway Moss did James V die?
Less than a week
357
When did Henry 8 come to the throne?
April 1509
358
What did Henry 8 and Cromwell re-establish in 1536?
Council in the North
359
What did the pope agree to do for catherine?
Move hearing to Rome. Essentially ended it.
360
Why did Wolsey's efforts to free the pope fail?
Charles V was too entrenched in Italy
361
When did Ferdinand of Spain die and who replaced him?
1516 - Charles V
362
What was the Amicable Grant in practice?
Heavy tax levied without parliament's approval. Based on property values. Ordinary people!!!!
363
What could monarch still do when parliament was not sitting?
Govern by proclamation
364
Who did Mary (henry 8 sister) marry in 1514?
King of France, Louis 12
365
Where were scholars from Oxbridge sent in 1530?
To European universities to find support for the DIVORCE
366
Why did P of G oppose 1536 injunctions?
- Discouragement of locally important saints
- Discouraged pilgrimages
- Rumours that plates + jewels would be confiscated
367
What was Wolsey charged with?
Praemunire
368
On what day of the reign were Empson and Dudley arrested?
The first
369
When was the King's Book?
1543
370
Who continued their involvement in an Iceland and Newfoundland fishery?
Robert Thorne
371
What did the Court of Augmentations do?
Administer monastic lands and revenue
372
3 reasons P of G opposed dissolution of SMALLER monasteries
Charitable/educational functions
Fear of attacks on parish churches
Fear northern lands would be sold off to southerners.
373
When was the second set of injunctions?
1538
374
3 aspects of Cromwell's 1536 Wales Act
Representation in House of Commons.
Same legal framework as England.
Divided into counties operating like England (e.g, JPs)
375
In 1536, what was the Bishop of Durham allowed to keep?
SOME independence of jurisdiction
376
Who did Henry 8 use to advance the theological argument for his annulment?
Thomas Cranmer
