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Tudors > Henry VII consolidating of Authority/Rebellions > Flashcards

Henry VII consolidating of Authority/Rebellions Flashcards

1
Q

Why was Henry’s position extremely insecure?

A
  • Many Yorkists were not satisfied by his marriage to Elizabeth, still regarded him as a usurper
  • He had a weak claim to the throne
  • There were several potential Yorkist claimants to the throne
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2
Q

Who were the potential Yorkist claimants to the throne? (2)

A
  • Earls of Warwick

- Earls of Lincoln, Edward IV’s nephews

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3
Q

How was Henry’s position made even more difficult?

A
  • The appearance of pretenders to the throne who were allegedly either Edward V or his younger brother Richard, the two murdered ‘princes in the tower’.
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4
Q

What did Henry have to fear the most?

A
  • The influence of Margaret of Burgundy, the sister of Edward IV, and Richard III
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5
Q

Why was Margaret of Burgundy such a powerful threat?

A
  • As the dowager duchess of Burgundy, she had access to funds which enabled her to encourage the ambitions of Yorkist claimants
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6
Q

What was the first (minor) rising against Henry

A
  • Few months after he was crowned

- Lovell and Stafford rebellion - Easter 1486

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7
Q

What was the Lovell and Stafford rebellion - Dynastic or Popular (economic)

A
  • It was a dynastic rebellion
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8
Q

Who was the Lovell/Stafford rebellion led by?

A
  • Led by Francis + Viscount Lovell (prospered as key supporters of Richard III)
  • And Humphrey Stafford
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9
Q

What did Lovell try to do?

A
  • Tried to raise a rebellion in Richard III’s heartland of support in the North Riding of Yorkshire
  • Simultaneously, Stafford tried to raise forces against Henry, drawing upon another area of Yorkist support - Midlands
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10
Q

Who managed to escape from the King’s forces?

A
  • Lovell managed to escape from the King’s forces

- Humphrey’s younger brother and accomplice Thomas were pardoned

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11
Q

Who was captured and executed in the Lovell rebellion?

A
  • Humphrey Stafford was captured and executed
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12
Q

What was so significant about the Lovell/Stafford rebellion?

A
  • There was little enthusiasm at this stage for a Yorkist rising in their traditional Heartlands
  • It was poorly funded
  • Easily suppressed
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13
Q

What year was the Lambert Simple rebellion?

A

1486-1487

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14
Q

What did Yorkists realise from the Lovell rebellion?

A
  • Leading Yorkists realised that a change in strategy was needed if they were to be successful in their attempts to get rid of Henry VII
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15
Q

What were the two key aspects that would improve Yorkist rebellions?

A
  • They needed a figurehead who could claim to be a Yorkist prince
  • They needed financial support to generate a significant military threat to Henry
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16
Q

Who was the figurehead in the Simple rebellion?

A
  • The figurehead was Lambert Simple

- He was passed off as being the Earl of Warwick

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17
Q

Who was the Earl of Warwick (the real one)

A
  • He had been imprisoned by Henry
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18
Q

What had Simnel been crowned in Ireland? (2) + include year

A
  • Crowned as King Edward V in Ireland in May 1487
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19
Q

Who organised the conspiracy?

A
  • John de la Pole, the Earl of Lincoln, a potential Yorkist himself
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20
Q

What did Henry do in response to the hoax of Earl of Warwick

A
  • Henry had the real Earl of Warwick exhibited in London for all to see
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21
Q

After Henry exposed the Earl of Lincoln, where did John de la pole flee to?

A
  • He fled from Henry VII’s court and had joined the failed plotter Lord Lovell at the court of Margaret of Burgundy in the Netherlands
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22
Q

What did The Earl of Lincoln (JDLP) persuade Margaret to do?

A
  • Persuaded Margaret to support Simnel’s claim and to pay for a force of mercenaries to invade England
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23
Q

What did Henry take the risky gamble of doing?

A
  • Reinstating the rather untrustworthy Earl of Northumberland, who led a major portion of Richard III’s army to the Battle of Bosworth
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24
Q

What was the effect of using the Earl of Northumberland?

A
  • Using the Earl of Northumberland helped to neutralise Richard’s old power base
  • It also ensured that the traditionally Yorkist Howard family had no intention of joining the conspiracy, as Northumberland was one of their descendants
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25
Q

What did Henry reinforce in East Anglia?

A
  • Henry reinforced coastal defences in East anglia
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26
Q

Even though Henry had coastal defences in East Anglia, where did the rebels land?

A
  • The rebels landed on the northwest coast in Cumberland

- They crossed the Pennines in order to dump up support in Richard III’s old heartland in the North Riding of Yorkshire.

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27
Q

What was observed about the Yorkist gentry of the North Riding?

A
  • They were reluctant to commit themselves wholeheartedly to the cause, presumably waiting to see who was likely to win
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28
Q

When was the Battle of Stoke Field?

A
  • 1487
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29
Q
  • Who did Henry gather for the battle?
A
  • Henry gathered a group of advisors, which included the close relatives of former Yorkists who had been victims of Richard III, in the south and the Midlands.
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30
Q

Where did the two armies meet?

A
  • The two armies met at East Stoke near Newark in Nottinghamshire.
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31
Q

Was Henry confident about the battle?

A
  • Henry was not confident, he could remember only too vividly how Richard had been double-crossed at Bosworth and feared that he himself might suffer the same fate
32
Q

Who was Henry’s army led by

A
  • Led effectively by the Earl of Oxford
33
Q

Who was killed in the battle?

A
  • John de la Pole, The Earl of Lincoln
34
Q

Why was John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln ultimately die?

A
  • He was killed in the battle, having crucially been unable to add sufficient followers to the army of mercenaries with which he had landed in England
35
Q

Why was Henry’s victory at the Battle of Stoke Field significant?

A
  • It was this battle which really brought and end to the Wars of the Roses, not the Battle of Bosworth.
  • Henry’s position became safer but still not completely secure
36
Q

What can be said about Henry VII’s character at the Battle of Stoke Field?

A
  • Henry had been faced with a crisis which he had overcome by a combination of his own shrewdness and hard work
  • The organisational skills and military leadership of his key supporters and the willingness of landowners in many parts of the country to support his cause.
37
Q

What did Henry do to those who rebelled after the Battle of Stoke Field?

A
  • Henry was relatively mild in his treatment of many of those who had rebelled, winning over some Yorkists who had previously opposed him
38
Q

What did Henry develop after the Battle of Stoke Field?

A
  • The policy of using bonds of good behaviour to ensure well-behaved landowners who might otherwise face financial ruin.
39
Q

Who was Perkin Warbeck before his imposture?

A
  • A cloth trader from Tournai in Flanders
40
Q

Why was Perkin Warbeck annoying to Henry?

A
  • Persistent irritant to Henry VII over a period of 8 years

- caused Henry VII great anxiety

41
Q

Who did Perkin Warbeck claim to be?

A
  • Richard, Duke of York
42
Q

Why was Perkin Warbeck so significant?

A
  • If Perkin’s activities had been confined to England he might have been dismissed as a deluded pest.
  • But it was his ability to attract patronage from foreign rulers which transformed him from an irritant to a potentially serious threat
43
Q

What did Perkin Warbeck’s impersonation reveal about Henry?

A
  • It demonstrated how fragile Henry’s positions was considered to be by other rulers
44
Q

What happened in 1491 with Warbeck?

A
  • Warbeck began to impersonate Richard, Duke of York in Ireland.
  • Then he makes a brief appearance at the court of Charles VIII of France
45
Q

What happened the following year after Perkin went to France?

A
  • He was forced to flee France, to the court of Margaret of Burgundy
  • He was trained as a potential Yorkist prince and began to draw English courtiers into his conspiracies
46
Q

Several years after the Battle of Stoke in 1487, when did Warbeck first try to land in England

A
  • 1495
47
Q

Was Perkin Warbeck a Dynastic or popular rebellion?

A

Dynastic rebellion

48
Q

Why was Warbeck’s attempt to land in England a fiasco?

A
  • Henry had been informed of Warbeck’s intentions by one of his royal agents, Sir Robert Clifford, who had infiltrated Warbeck’s retinue
  • Warbeck was quickly defeated and fled to the court of James IV of Scotland
49
Q

Although Warbeck’s appearance in 1495 was a fiasco, why could it have been a huge threat?

A
  • However, it would be a mistake to write off this event simply as a farce which had no chance of success.
  • It could have proved very costly for Henry because the conspirators had an accomplice in the heart of Henry’s government, William Stanley
50
Q

Who was William Stanley to Henry?

A
  • Henry’s step uncle and potential traitor
51
Q

What did Sir William Stanley (Lord Chamberlain) have control over?

A
  • Headed the royal household at a time when household government was still the normal model of political operation
52
Q

What did the modern historian Christine Carpenter think about the conspiracy at court?

A
  • Believes it was striking that this conspiracy actually revealed Henry at his most vulnerable in the very place where he should have been more secure
53
Q

In 1496 what happened with Warbeck?

A
  • A small Scottish force crossed the border on Warbeck’s behalf but quickly retreated
54
Q

Why were Warbeck’s interests soon sacrificed?

A
  • When James gave in to Henry’s offer of marriage to his daughter, Margaret
55
Q

Having failed to invade England from Scotland in 1496, where did Warbeck make a final attempt to seek the English throne?

A
  • Wanted to exploit the uncertainties created by the Cornish Rebellion in 1497
  • His forces were crushed and Warbeck eventually surrendered to the King
56
Q

Was Henry lenient to Warbeck?

A
  • Allowed Warbeck to stay at court, but confined him to the Tower after he tried to be abscond
  • This time there was no mercy
  • He tried to escape with the Earl of Warwick, he was accused of treason, and they were both tried and executed
57
Q

Why was Warbeck’s final attempts at conspiracy beneficial for Henry?

A
  • Enabled him to get rid of the Earl of Warwick, potentially the most obvious Yorkist claimant to the throne
58
Q

Describe the Earl of Warwick at the end

A
  • Warwick was in many respects an innocent victim of the political manoeuvrings of the period.
  • Aged only ten at the time of the Battle of Bosworth, he spent most of his life in confinement before he met his fate in 1499
  • He was accused of plotting with Perkin Warbeck against Henry VII, he was beheaded
59
Q

When was the White rose (Edmund de la Pole) conspiracy?

A

1500-1506

60
Q

Who did the final piece of dynastic security concern?

A
  • Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, and Richard de la Pole

- Younger brothers of the Earl of Lincoln

61
Q

When did Suffolk flee to Flanders?

A
  • Suffolk fled to Flanders in 1498
62
Q

When he was persuaded to come back (Earl of Suffolk), when did he flee again? Who did he seek refuge from

A
  • Fled again in 1501

- this time seeking refuge at the court of the Emperor Maximilian

63
Q

Under what circumstances would Suffolk be safe

A
  • As long as Margaret of Burgundy was politically opposed to Henry VII, Suffolk was safe
64
Q

What did the Treaty of Windsor in 1506 result in?

A
  • More friendly relations were restored
  • One feature of this improvement in relations was that Maximilian agreed to give up Suffolk, who was duly imprisoned in the Tower of London
65
Q

What did Henry VII do to the Earl of Suffolk

A
  • Henry took no further action against him

- Henry VIII had him executed for treason in 1513

66
Q

Summarise the consolidating of authority

A
  • Henry consolidated his power in the short time.
  • Henry was also concerned with ensuring long-term dynastic stability: he wanted English men and women to believe that the Tudors had a legit claim to the throne.
  • Henry enjoyed some success in consolidating power and establishing his dynasty.
  • It should not be assumed that his victory at the Battle of Stoke left Henry in an unchallengeable position: Henry himself certainly did not think so.
67
Q

When was the Cornish rebellion?

A
  • 1497
68
Q

What was the Cornish Rebellion a result of?

A
  • Sparked off by the demand for extraordinary revenue to finance a far-away military campaign
  • The revolt was triggered by the need for revenue to finance the campaign against Scotland
69
Q

Why did the Cornish Rebellion pose a threat?

A
  • sheer numbers involved (15,00)
  • The attempt to exploit the rebellion made by Perkin Warbeck
  • The fact that the rebels marched on London, only being halted at Blackheath
70
Q

What does the historian Christine Carpenter regard the Cornish rebellion as?

A
  • Considers the rebellion to have been alarming for the King.
  • It was certainly a cause for immense concern for the Crown that the rebels could have marched such a long distance without any serious attempt being made to stop them
  • It raises questions about how effective were the Crown’s systems for maintaining order in the countryside.
  • By reaching London, they were in effect challenging the security of Henry VII’s regime
71
Q

Why did the Cornish rebellion create a problem for Henry VII’s?

A
  • In order to ensure its effective suppression he needed to withdraw Lord Daubeney and his troops from defending the Scottish border
  • The rebellion was crushed easily enough by Daubeney
  • Rebel leaders punished by Henry
72
Q

What did the Cornish Rebellion shock Henry into doing?

A
  • The rebellion shocked Henry into ensuring that Anglo-Scottish tensions were eased and made him particularly cautious about entering into any further foreign conflicts
73
Q

Why did the rebellions (Yorkshire + Cornish) take place?

A

Two rebellions did take place in Henry VIl’s reign, in Yorkshire in 1489 and in Cornwall in 1497. In each case the main catalyst (or trigger) was taxation.

74
Q

When was the Yorkshire rebellion?

A
  • 1489
75
Q

What was the Northern rebellion sparked by?

A
  • Sparked off by resentment of the taxation granted by Parliament in 1489 in order to finance the involvement of English forces in the campaign in Brittany

Tudors (5 decks)

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