Henry VII consolidation of the Tudor Dynasty: England, 1485–1547 Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
Why would maintain law and order be a priority for Henry?
A
Avoid rebellions
Establishing his dynasty
Secure his throne
Deal with Yorkist/ rebellions
Control nobility
Make country easier to govern
2
Q
How can putting a Yorkist in power effectively consolidate power?
A
YES
Illusion of power
Yorkist seem to have power, however Henry still ultimate power
Spies/ bonds and recognises
Easier to control one man rather than an entire population
Maintain control by keeping enemies close
NO
Lack of trust
He is allowing Yorkist influence over the country
HE IS IN A STRONGER POSITION
3
Q
What are the benefits of bonds and recognises?
A
Can control people
Can control society
Easily get money of people go back on their word
4
Q
Negatives of bonds and recognises
A
Leads to resentment
Morally incorrect
5
Q
What are bonds and recognises
A
bonds - A legal document which bound an individual to another to perform an action or forfeit a specified sum of money if they failed to do so.
Recognisances= a formal acknowledgement of a debt or other obligation which could be enforced by means of financial penalty.
6
Q
What are JPs and their benefits?
A
maintain law and order in the country - usually the Gentry
Cheaper
Less of a risk
More competent as they were there because of moral duty towards the community
7
Q
positives of JPS
It was good for the king as it didn’t give the jps much influence
A
Helps in the functioning of the country but it doesn’t allow them to gain much attention so can’ over power the king
usually the gentry
8
Q
The courts of Tudor England
A
Church court : church administration offences commited by clergy marriage moral offences
Manor courts : landholding rights responsibilities
Borough courts - medieval trading standards
9
Q
What were his foreign policy aims and what were the reason for those?
A
GOOD RELATIONS
peace reputation, focus on domestic Yorkist threats
Alliance- Yorkist threat issues, foreign support improves crown finances
TRADE INTERESTS
Sell English products improve economy improve relationships by benefiting both countries
RECOGNITION OF DYNASTY
Reduce threat of rebellions
Strengthen weak relations
Strengthen his claim to the throne
10
Q
When was the battle of Bosworth?
A
Battle of Bosworth, August 1485 - same year henry 7 became kng
Richard iii slain in battle
end of Plantagenet rule
11
Q
Who was King Henry vii ?
A
King of England (1485-1509)
Married Elizabeth of York, uniting the Houses of Lancaster and York
Fugitive in France for all of childhood
12
Q
What are the potential problems for Henry vii?
A
- weak claim to the throne - Descended through the female line via his mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort.
- Yorkist loyalists = faced resistance from Yorkists and Richard iii did not get a formal burial - angered supporters
13
Q
How did Henry vii consolidate his power?
A
- Dated his reign to the day before Bosworth so that the Yorkist fighters were labelled as traitors
- Publicly rewarded supporters- giving people knighthoods
- Sir Reginald Bray = Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Sir William Stanley = Chamberlain of the Household - Had Elizabeth of York (later married) and Earl of Warwick detained because of their claim to the throne
- Coronation took place week before first Parliament to solidify his claim-based on hereditary right and not only because parliament had sanctioned it.
- Parliamentary Acts of Attainder: Yorkist fighters’ property forfeiting to the Crown- increasing royal income
- Parliament granted Henry the custom- revenue of tonnage and poundage for life
14
Q
What is the Act of Attainder and when was it passed?
A
This declared a landowner guilty of rebelling against a monarch; this attained noble lost his title, lands and sometimes his head; his heirs were disinherited
1486
15
Q
What is tonnage and poundage?
A
the right to raise revenue for the whole reign from imports and exports granted for life
16
Q
‘By 1509, Henry VII had successfully secured his power’. Assess the validity of this view.
A
Exam question get marked
17
Q
‘Lambert Simnel posed a greater challenge to Henry VII than Perkin Warbeck’. Assess the validity of this view.
A
exam question get marked
18
Q
What were the reasons for the pretender?
A
Henry’s position was extremely insecure. Reasons were:
Henry seized power on the battlefield which could be seen as invalid
His claim to the throne was weak compared with the Earl of Warwick and others
Disappearance of pretenders like princes in the tower
Others just wanted power/the throne for themselves-
19
Q
Who was Lovell and the Staffords ?
A
Supporters of Richard III
Tried to raise forces against Henry in the heartlands of Richard’s support (N. Yorkshire, Midlands)
Lovell escaped
Humphrey Stafford executed
Little support in Yorkist heartlands - surprising?
20
Q
Who was Lambert Simnel and the Earl of Lincoln ?
A
Lincoln nephew of Ed4/R3 - R3 designated successor, leader of Yorkists after Bosworth
simel Initially tutored to impersonate Duke of York, ended up impersonating Earl of Warwick
Crowned as King of Ireland in 1487, encouraged by JdlP (Lincoln)
H7 exhibits real Warwick in London
Lincoln fled, joined Lovell in Margaret of Burgundy’s court
Pair persuade Margaret to support rebellion
Henry regained stronghold in North of England to ensure no support for invasion at home
Battle of Stoke Field (1487) - Henry feared betrayal as R3 had suffered at BoB
Lincoln killed, forces defeated, victory for Henry
simnel given job in kitchen - 10 yo
21
Q
Who was Perkin Warbeck?
A
Claimed to be Richard, Duke of York
Ability to gain favour from foreign rulers added to his threat
Attracted support of Ireland, France, Burgundy and Scotland across 8yr period (1491-1499)
Initial failed invasion in 1495 - fled to Scotland
1496, small invasion over Scottish border - quickly retreated
Tried to exploit Cornish Rebellion in 1497
Surrendered to the King
Executed in 1499
22
Q
Who was the real The real Earl of Warwick ?
A
Placed in the Tower at the age of 10
Nephew of R3
Innocent party in a lot of the plots that were conspired in his name
Executed alongside Warbeck in 1499
23
Q
Who was the Edmund and Richard de la Pole?
A
Younger brothers of Lincoln
Ed = Earl of Suffolk, fled to seek refuge in Burgundy - given up in 1506 - executed in 1513
Richard, ‘White Rose’ left in exile until death in 1525 (Battle of Pavia)
24
Q
What are the 3 parts of the Judicial system in Tudor England under
Henry vii?
A
church courts
Manor Courts
Borough Courts
25
What is a church court ?
Church administration - offences committed by clergy, proving of wills, marriage and moral offences?
26
What is a manor court?
Landholding; rights and responsibilities of landlords and tenants; use of common land; responsibilities for drainage and land issues
27
What is a Borough court?
Medieval trading standards; specific judicial rights granted by royal charter
28
What was the structure of the government under Henry vii?
Under the monarch
there is the council , court , Parliament
29
What was the type of government Henry had?
Henry preferred it conciliar government.
Their job was to advise the king , administer the realm on the king's behalf
make legal judgements
Member met separately on occasion to resolve administrative issues without the king
reliance on the council learned in law
30
who was the council made of?
Members of nobility - Lords of the country, rarely magnates (higher nobility)
Churchmen - e.g. Richard fox - often had legal training and good administrators
Laymen - sir Reginald Bray - Gentry or lawyers, skilled administrators.
31
What was the great council?
Meeting of the house of lords without Commons
only met 5 times
occasional rather than permanent
Usually met for national security reasons - war , rebellion
32
What was the council learned in law?
to maintain the king's revenue and exploit his prerogative rights
It was seen as shady because those summoned had no chance to appeal and were able to entrap many of the king's subjects
Empson was joined by Edmund Dudley. Together they formed a feared combination of able and conscientious bureaucrats who raised the extraction of money from the king’s subjects to a fine art. (they were lawyers and bureaucrats )
33
What was the court?
A place to display his wealth and Rewards and status were distributed through the court
Courtiers had paid positions or the right to free food
A place to obtain the support of influential persons which usually helped in legal problems
34
What were the households in the court?
Responsible for looking after the King, the courtiers, and guests
Personal and catering requirements supervised by the Lord Steward
A level in the court
35
What was the chamber?
A level in the court
Presided over by the Lord Chamberlain, influential courtiers (a person who attends a royal court as a companion or adviser to the moarch)
Politically-orientated
A blow to Henry when his Lord Chamberlain (Sir William Stanley) was involved in a treasonous plot with Perkin Warbeck in 1495
36
Who was the Lord chamberlain?
an experienced nobleman, member of the King’s council, responsible for organising court ceremonies
37
What reforms happened in the court after Lord Stanley's betrayal?
Henry created the privy chamber
Here he could retreat, protected by his most intimate servants
Made it more difficult for those who had fallen out of favour to regain the king’s support.
He also cut himself of to most of the king's traditional contacts
38
What was parliament's purpose?
Comprised of the House of Commons and House of Lords which had existed since the 13th century
Only met occasionally and was therefore not central to government. It had two main functions:
passed laws
Granted taxation to the Crown
A means by which local issues could be passed on to the King’s officials by local MPs
39
What was in the house of lord ?
Lords Spiritual (bishops and abbots of major religious houses)
Lords Temporal (the nobility)
More important of the two houses
40
What was the house of commons?
Two MPs for each county
Two MPs for each borough
Representatives of the two universities (Oxbridge)
41
Voting?
Restricted to men of property (‘forty shilling freeholders’ in the counties)
Voting qualifications varied in different boroughs
42
How many times did henry call parliament ?
7 times
stopped after granting extraordinary revenue
43
What is extraordinary revenue?
money raised by the king from additional sources as one off payments when he faced an emergency or an unforeseeable expensive of government, this could be made up of parliamentary grants, loans, clerical taxes for example.
Fifteeths and tenths- standard form of taxation, calculated in the 14th century, paid by towns and boroughs to the crown.
44
what was henry foreign policy aims?
Maintaining good relations and defence
National security
Recognition of the Tudor dynasty
Defence of English trading interests
45
why did henry want peace?
War was expensive and dangerous. Peace was far cheaper and gave Henry time to consolidate his power in England.
46
Why did henry want allies?
Gaining allies offered some guarantee of support and stability.
47
TRUE or FALSE
his domestic issues where secondary to his foreign ones
FALSE
Henry's foreign policy was very much secondary to his domestic policies of enriching the monarchy and ensuring the obedience of his subjects.
In short, Henry's primary aim was to retain control of the Crown and secure the long-term future of his dynasty.
48
What was another reason his claim to the throne was questioned by foreign leaders and why did they refrain from making alliances?
As a usurper, his right to the throne was thought by many to be suspect and most of Europe's rulers did not expect him to last long.
In addition, Henry was menaced by the claims of pretenders to the throne, two of whom, Simnel and Warbeck, successfully sought aid from foreign powers.
49
Why did henry pursue a defensive and cautious policy?
Henry pursued a more cautious and defensive policy than that of his predecessors because he had to be constantly on his guard against possible invasion.
50
What was the 100 year war and what was the result?
What did henry aims regarding the 100 year war?
Hundred years war- a conflict that lasted on and off from 1337 to 1453, and was fought between England and the country seen by many english people as the traditional enemy- France
happened over territorial claims
51
What did henry aims regarding the 100 year war?
Dominated both countries’ foreign policy for over 100 years
France won, driving the English out of the country bar their fortress at Calais
Henry VII had no grand plans to assert English power in Europe, he was therefore more concerned with maintaining good relations and defence.
52
Features of France that the English had to consider?
Traditional enemy of England
France was the richest, largest, and most populous kingdom of western Europe
Leader - Charles VIII
Priorities to expand into the Kingdom of Naples
53
What was Brittany?
Fiefdom of the French crown
Ruled over by Duke Francis II - only heir to his throne was duchess Anne
French were eager to claim this territory and strip Brittany’s independence
Duke Francis dies in 1488
54
What did henry ask for in Parliament in 1489?
asked Parliament for extraordinary revenue to attack France for the following reasons:
Sense of obligation to Bretons
Fear that direct French control of Brittany could increase the threat to England
55
What was the treaty of redon?
When was it signed?
What did it cause Duchess Anne to do?
Feb 1489: Treaty of Redon between England and Brittany
Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend her land against the French
56
What did henry try to arrange between Anne and Maximillian ?
Henry tried for an alliance with Maximilian (HRE-elect) who had contracted a marriage-by-proxy with Anne, no desire for the Duchy of Brittany to fall into French hands.
57
What did Anne do that caused some trouble for henry?
She feared futility of prolonged resistance to the French and so surrendered to France and married Charles VIII
left English army marooned in France
Maximillian lost interest and situation made worse by Perkin Warbeck
58
What did Henry do in response to Anne's surrender?
IN 1492 he invaded France
Used info from his agents that Charles was so concerned with Italy that Anglo-Franco peace would come quickly
59
What was the treaty of Estaples and when was it signed?
Charles agreed to withdraw support for Warbeck
pay Henry a pension as compensation for military action
Henry had managed to defend national and dynastic interests
1492
60
Was the incident with France and Brittany a success or failure?
SUCCESS
Eventual peace with France
Secured pension from Charles VIII
French support for the pretender Warbeck withdrawn
His agent network was proven to have correct information
FAILURE
English troops marooned in Brittany
Extraordinary revenue used
Maximillian lost interest in Henry and his foreign dealings
Invasion of France risked resuming the Hundred Years War
61
What was the holy roman empire?
approx. 300 states
- include Germany, Austria, northern Italy, Czech republic
never achieved political unification
Emperor elected but by the late 1400s it was usually a member of the Habsburg dynasty
emperor crowed by pope until 1500
62
Who was Margret Duchess of Burgundy?
(aka Margret of York )
Widow of Charles the Bold (now owner of his estate)
sister of Edward IV and Richard III
Step-mother-in-law to Emperor Maximilian
Sought the help of Maximilian who passed jurisdiction of the Netherlands to his sixteen-year-old son Philip in 1494
63
Why was the trade embargo put in place?
What was the impact?
Bulk of English exports went through Dutch ports: Antwerp and Bruges (under Burgundy’s jurisdiction)
Anglo-Burgundian relations deteriorated due to Maximilian and Philip’s hospitality towards pretender Perkin Warbeck
Henry put an embargo on English trade with Burgundy
64
What is Intercursus Magnus in 1496 ?
ending the embargo and resuming normal trade
65
What is 1506 Intercursus Malus ?
Henry demanded stronger position for English merchants in the Netherlands (treaty never enforced)
66
How did relations between Anglo-Burgundian relations improve?
Philip and Maximilian agreed to hand over the Earl of Suffolk (Yorkist fugitive) whom Henry imprisoned in the Tower
Anglo-Burgundian relations ultimately improved England’s trading position and the security of the dynasty
67
How successful was Henry's foreign policy in terms of establishing his dynasty?
BURGUNDY
SUCCESS
Imprison earl of Suffolk
- consolidate power
- henry assert claim
Perkin Warbeck leaves Burgundy
- improve relations
- IMag , IMal - respect from phillip
FALIURE
IMag - exchange
IMal - pushing trade and tension
68
How successful was Henry's foreign policy in terms of protecting trade interests?
BURGUNDY
SUCCESS
IMag - embargo end
Imal - pushing trade, end tension
FALIURE
Embargo with biggest exports
sacrifice trade
69
How successful was Henry's foreign policy in terms of national security?
BURGUNDY
SUCCESS
Remove embargo
- IMag reduce pension
- reduce tension
Good relations with neighbour + powerful country
Remove pretenders
FALIURE
Embargo
- cause tension
- lost alliances
Perkin Warbeck - threat to country
MOB
70
What was Spain's position in Europe?
Spain was a powerful state so Henry hoped to develop good relations
1469: Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married
Created a façade of unity between the two kingdoms
71
Who was Ferdinand the second?
King of Sicily (1486-1516)
King of Aragon (1479-1516)
King of Castile and León (via his wife and as Ferdinand V, 1474-1504)
Became King of Naples after defeating France in 1504 – reuniting it with Sicily
Married Isabella of Castile in 1469 – “uniting” Spain
72
What was the treaty of Madina del Campo?
When was it signed?
Mutual protection in the event of attack
Agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders
Marriage alliance between Arthur (Henry’s son) and Catherine, (Ferdinand and Isabella’s daughter)
Reduction of tariffs between England and Spain (would increase trade)
It was signed in1489
73
What was the problems of the treaty of Madina del Campo?
the marriage arrangement didn't go smoothly
was reluctant to the marriage as he believed Henry dynasty was at risk because of Perkin Warbeck
Arguments over Catherine's dowry
74
When did Arthur and Catherine get married?
agreed in 1499
Marriage took place in 1501
However Arthur died in 1502, bringing complications to Anglo-Spanish relations
75
What happened to Anglo-Spanish Relations after Arthur’s Death?
Henry suggested she marry his other son Henry 8
However, Ferdinand reluctant and Marriage would require a papal dispensation (permission required from the Pope, but at a price
1504: Henry lost enthusiasm for the marriage as the death of Isabella made Ferdinand a less significant figure
Henry supported Ferdinand’s rival for the succession: Juana (Catherine’s sister)
1506: Juana and husband Philip of Burgundy forced to take refuge in England after their ship was wrecked on route to Spain
76
What are the positives and negatives of Henry’s Spanish Policy?
POSITIVES
Secured a marriage for his eldest son
Guaranteed protection
Agreement to surrender rebels/pretenders
NEGITIVES
Arthur died – threatening the alliance
Ferdinand was reluctant to have England as an ally
Castile’s succession was in question – threatening a break from Aragon
77
When did Elizabeth of York die and how did Henry try and use this to his advantage?
Died in 1503
Left Henry a widower
Henry keen to use the situation to secure an alliance through marrying again
78
What were the terms of the treaty of Winsor?
When was it signed?
Proposed marriage between Henry and Philip’s sister: Archduchess Margaret (never happened)
Henry’s recognition of Juana and Philip as rulers of Castile (strengthening their throne claim)
Intercursus Malus- restored trading links between Burgundy and England
79
How did Phillip death foil Henry's plan?
Ferdinand believed Juana gone mad with grief
Ferdinand moved to become regent of Castile
Ferdinand ensured the Prince Henry-Catherine of Aragon marriage would not take place in Henry VII’s lifetime
80
How successful was Henry's foreign policy in terms of national security?
POSITIVE
Henry and Catharine is still possible
- medina del campo 1489
Juana and Phil recognised
MDC refuse to support the pretender
NEGITIVE
marriage delayed
Perkin Warbeck -
Ferdinand doubts H7 claim
H8 + cath marriage not guaranteed
81
How successful was Henry's foreign policy in terms of establishing his dynasty?
POSITIVE
reduce tarrif
- encourage trade
tried to protect trade with Juana and Phillip
IMal
NEGITIVE
Angered Ferdinand
not good for trade prospects
82
How successful was Henry's foreign policy in terms of trade interests ?
POSITIVE
MDC = mutual protection
good relations - less likely to be a threat
not harbouring of pretenders
treaty of Winsor - get Juana and Phillip on side
NEGITIVE
Phillip death = Ferdinand king
Angry Ferdinand = H7 tension and threat
= Henry is weak and foolish in support of the wrong side
pass problems to son
83
What was the Irish position?
It was not a separate state as Lord of Ireland’ had been granted by the Pope to the King of England in 12th Century
Power in the other areas lay with the descendants of Anglo-Saxon barons who had settled in the 12th Century: the Fitzgeralds (Geraldines), and the Butlers
84
Who was Gerald Fitzgerald, 8th Earl of Kildare ?
‘The Uncrowned King of Ireland’
Lord Deputy of Ireland since 1477
Had Yorkist sympathies
Supported Lambert Simnel by crowning him king of Ireland in 1486
Supported Perkin Warbeck in 1491
Henry depended on him for maintaining law and order in Ireland
85
How did Henry assert his control in Ireland?
Relying on established Irish aristocracy was cheap but unreliable
Favoured rule of the ‘Pale’ via an Englishman and an armed force (more expensive)
Prince Henry (still an infant) appointed as Lieutenant of Ireland
Sir Edward Poynings appointed Deputy-Lieutenant of Ireland
86
What was Poyings law in Ireland?
1495: Irish parliament passed ‘Poynings’ Law’ which stated they could not pass a law without prior approval of the English Crown
87
Why was Poyings law unsuccessful ?
It was to expensive and in 1495 when Warbeck returned to Ireland and besieged Waterford with a force.
Henry forced to recall Poynings and depend on the cheaper option: Kildare as he was short on money due to the fear of invasion from the Scots
88
Why was supporting Kildare successful for Henry and vise-versa?
1496: no point in supporting Yorkist cause and so served Henry loyally
Secured the submission of various Irish chieftains
By 1500, Henry had secured some level of peaceable authority (on the cheap)
Kildare used his office to rebuild his family’s fortunes too
89
Before Henry how was Scottish and English relations?
tense
Scotland often worked closely with France as part of the ‘Auld Alliance’ - This was an alliance based around anti-english sentiment so
Lawlessness was common across the border between English and Scottish
90
Who was James vi of Scotland?
Became King of Scotland in 1488
(aged 15)
∙ Father of James V
∙ Died at the Battle of Flodden in 1513
91
Why did Scottish and English relations strain and how did they improve?
∙ Invaded England in 1496
∙ Made Anglo-Scottish peace in 1497
∙ Married Henry VII’s daughter Marga
ret in 1503
92
In what years where the tense years with England and Scotland?
Tense Years (1495-1497)
93
In what years where the civil years between England and Scotland?
The Civil Years (1498-1503)
94
In what years where the early years between England and Scotland?
Early Years (1485-1495)
95
In the tense years Why do you think James offered hospitality to Warbeck?
So if Henry ever got removed of the throne Warbeck could be placed on the throne and act as puppet king for James.
96
In the tense years Why would Scotland be important to Warbeck’s plot?
Scotland is the closed country to England so could support him in his when he wants to come to the throne
97
In the tense years How is the Cornish Rebellion significant to Anglo-Scottish relations and brokering a peace?
it decreases the threat of France and allowed for national security
98
In the civil years Why do you think Warbeck was executed rather than banished or imprisoned?
to stop him from influencing European politics.
99
In the civil years What could be a possible reason for James taking action over Warbeck rather than Henry?
Treaty of perpetual peace it allowed for peace
100
In the civil years Why would an Anglo-Scottish marriage be important for the future?
So that there would be lasting peace between them and maybe in the future English and Scottish monarch could rule the UK
101
When was the black death and how did it impact the feudal system?
1348-1349
increased social mobility and had created alarm amongst more conservative-minded members of the upper classes who attempted to uphold traditional values by passing sumptuary laws ( laws that dictated how an individual should dress based on social status) which proved unenforceable.
102
What was the class system under Henry 7
Feudal system: The medieval system by which society was structured depending on relationships in which land was held in return for some form of service:
TOP = Monarch and great landowners/senior churchman
BOTTOM = Those who work and labour for them
103
How did the feudal system work?
King =
1) church= owned land 1)Nobility = owned land
2) Archbishop = Very important part of gov
2) Gentry = Gentlemen who live in large houses in the country. Provide armies for war
3) bishops = held gov office
3) Yeoman - Farmers. Own or rent land in the country.
3) Citizens = rich merchants, craftsmen bourgeoisie
4) Labourers = worked for 3)
5) vagrants and Beggers
104
What did the nobility and maganates ( really powerful nobles) contribute to society?
military service as they provide soldiers during war
maintain law order and justice in area
protect peasants
provide work
gave land to renters and were politically influential
105
what did the Gentry contribute to society?
were more local
provided land to peasants to rent out
important in trade and law and order
106
What did the churchmen contribute to society?
important in law and order via church courts
offered sanctuary
influence politics as they were part of the government
provided social services such as:
-medical care for the sick
- schooling
-helped the poor
107
What did the commoners contribute to society ?
they paid tax
planted and harvested crops
acted as soldiers in war
provided services and trade
108
What were the relationships between the classes?
Classes were very stiff
109
How did the nobles benefit under henry?
they didn't benefit under henry because of laws like acts of attainder, bonds and recognises -which limited their power-
they were heavily taxed, there was only 37 nobility - didn't improve
110
how did the gentry benefit under henry 7?
benefitted from patronage
there was economical stability
as the nobles influence was increasing the Genry's was increasing so they could fill in the responsibilities taken from the nobles
they were given land, titles and support
111
how did churchmen benefit under henry 7
they remained the same under henry 7
they were treated the same and they delt with their own issues
112
how did commoners benefit under henry 7
real wage ( value of income in relation to prices of goods on market
) increases
value of income in relation to prices of goods on market
113
What were the regional divisions in the UK under Henry 7 ?
North = envious of southern riches
South = thought north were savages
114
When was the Yorkshire rebellion ?
1489
115
What was the reason for the Yorkshire rebellion?
Taxation granted by parlinment to the king to finance Britanny campaign
116
What were the details of the Yorkshire rebellion?
Rebels murdered Earl of Northumberland – victim of resentment against taxation
Henry sent an army of 8000 to defeat the rebellion so it was easily suppressed by army
117
What were the consequences of the Yorkshire rebellion ?
No further trouble in the north – Earl of Surrey appointed.
Rebels received royal pardon
118
When was the Cornish rebellion ?
1497
119
What was the reason for the Cornish rebellion?
Demand for extraordinary revenue to finance wars including against Scotland
120
What were the details of the Cornish rebellion?
Very threatening - 15,000 men involved, tried to exploit Warbeck rebellion from Scotland, rebels marched on London
Suppressed by Henry’s men using Lord Daubeney and his troops who were defending the Scottish border – withdrawn to Cornwall.
121
What were the consequences of the Cornish rebellion?
Rebel leaders executed but leniency shown to rest. Henry conscious of improving Anglo-Scottish relations.
122
What is prerogative rights?
The rights and powers, which the monarch could exersize without parliament's consent.
123
What were the crown lands?
Land owned by the monarch
124
What is wardship?
Allowed the crown to get money via taxes from land owned by minors
125
What is Feudal aid?
Tax from a vessel to the crown or Lord on the occasion of the knighting of the eldest son or the marriage of the eldest daughter.
126
What is the statute of users?
preventing property becoming a trust, which allowed it to be taxed
he statute changed the equitable title of a beneficiary to a legal one, making the person using the land the legal owner and responsible for paying taxes
127
How important was the church in people's lives?
The pope could make or break kings
Regardless, at a local level in every country the Catholic Church was of the utmost importance to people’s lives. It dominated their free time, their holidays and was where many people sought refuge and help
128
Who was the head of the church?
The pope
129
Who was the most powerful after the pope?
Cardinals
appointed by pope and assisted him
130
Who was the most powerful under the cardinals?
Archbishops
oversaw large areas called archdiocese
131
who was the most powerful under the archbishops?
Bishops
governed areas called diocese
132
Who was less powerful then archbishops?
Priests
served local governments called parishes
133
How was the church structured in the UK?
two provinces; Canterbury and York, under the jurisdiction of an Archbishop, and 17 diocese, under control of a bishop
134
How did members of the church influence society?
Common for senior churchmen to influence politics
Chancellor (highest advisor to the King, monopolised by clergymen) - senior advisors of prominence under Henry were John Morton and Richard Fox
provided the spiritual guidance
135
How could the churchmen's lives improve ?
They were often considerably wealthy and they were often competent, legally trained and had administrative skills.
It could also present an opportunity for social advancement through the church
136
How could the church influence society?
The Church could could make it easier for elites to maintain control - encouraged good behaviour, obedience and stress community values
The church provided a framework for controlling how an individual thought, reasoned and behaved.
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What were the 7 sacraments in Catholicism?
Baptism
Confirmation
Marriage
Anointing the sick
Penance
Holy Orders
Eucharist
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What was transubstantiation?
The belief that bread and wine changes to become the body and blood of Christ through a validly ordained priest during Mass.
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What was corpus Christ?
‘Body of Christ’, celebrates the blessed sacrament, increasing the emphasis on transubstantiation
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How did people reduce the time they would spend in purgatory?
Parish churches- The dying would often leave money to the Parishes-Reduce time spent in Purgatory
Pilgrimage- gain relief from purgatory - visiting the tomb of a saint such as Thomas Becket or where the Virgin Mary had been reported to visit-Norfolk
Personal communication with God.
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What was Chanteries?
Groups of men or women to raise money for funeral costs
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What was Confraternity (known as religious guild)?
chapels where masses for the souls of the dead took place
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What is Lollardy?
Placed stress on understanding the Bible
Pushed for the Bible to be translated into English
Lollard views were considered heresy (the denial of the validity of the key doctrines of the Church)
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Who founded Lollardy and when?
Founded by John Wycliffe
Emerged in England after 1350
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What were religious orders?
monks
Nunneries
Friars
Monks living in monasteries: 1% of adult male population
Friars: supported by charitable donations
Nunneries, much less prestigious - made up of women ‘unsuitable for marriage’
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What was Lollardy sceptical of?
Sceptical of transubstantiation and the principles of the Eucharist
Considered the Catholic Church to be corrupt
Denied the priesthood’s special status
Small in number, but criticism of the Church did exist
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What was the reaction to Lollardy?
Considered to be heresy
Persisted in parts of southern England: Buckinghamshire & Berkshire
Popularity declined after failed uprising in 1414
Burning of heretics introduced into law in 1401 (very few occurred)
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What is humanism?
Establishing the reliability of Latin and Greek translations to purify religious texts’ ideas/ Plato and Aristotle
Humanists believed in Catholicism (especially free will)
Their work not only affected religion, but also politics and economics. Christian humanism was the movement which arose when this approach was applied to biblical texts.
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Where and when was humanism developed?
Originated in Florence
Development of the Renaissance movement
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Who were some key figures in humanism?
John Colet, Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More promoted humanism in political, educational, and religious circles
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What were the ideas put forward by humanists?
Study a range of different ideas like Plato and Aristotle
End church's attempt on monopoly of thought
Learning should be open to men and women
Learning should focus not only on theology and religion but literature , science and the arts.
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How did Humanists impact education?
Humanists patronised education – meant that educational opportunities increased
Spread of grammar schools for the rich: 53 new ones
New university colleges founded at Cambridge, two by Margaret Beaufort (St John’s and Christ’s College)
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How did education improve under henry 7?
Widening opportunities
‘Song’ & ‘reading schools’: elementary for young children
1460-1509: 53 new grammar schools- Modern day Secondary school education
Location = access
Latin was compulsory to the secondary school curriculum
1480s: humanistic approach (esp. at Oxford)
Oxford expansion ground to a halt after growth in early 15thC
Cambridge expansion fuelled by Lady Margaret Beaufort
Christ’s College
St John’s College
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In the 15th century where did the majority of the population live?
population 2.2 million
10 % lived in urban areas
London - 50,000
Norwich - 10,000
Bristol/York/Coventry - 8,000-10,000
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What were the main industries in the England in the 16th Century?
wool and cloth
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What were other industries in England in the 16th Century apart from wool and cloth?
Mining - tin/lead/coal
Metal working
Leatherwork
Shipbuilding
Papermaking
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Why did income from farming decrease in the 1300/early 1400’s?
When did it begin to recover?
The black death
1480s/90s
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What did conventional farming shift to on this time period?
Shift towards sheep farming, away from crop farming - demand for wool and trade
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What is enclosure?
Common land becomes exclusively owned, denying common people rights to it
But, it wasn't a huge issue under Henry 7
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What was the open field system?
This was the system under Henry 7
peasants/tenants allowed strips of land to farm on, paid rent to a Lord for this
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Why did enclosure threaten the open field system?
Enclosure threatened this system and left peasants destitute - more profitable for owners to enclose and become more efficient
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what was the value of cloth in exports?
What type of processes were weaving and dying?
90% of the value of English exports were cloth (it increased 60% under henry 7) this took over wool
Weaving = domestic process
Fulling and dyeing = commercial
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Who were the Hansiatic league ?
a medieval alliance of merchant guilds and townspeople that dominated trade in northern Europe from the 13th to the 15th century:
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Who were the members of the Hansiatic league?
The league was made up of cities and towns across the Baltic and North Seas, including parts of modern-day Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Russia.
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What was the purpose of the Hansiatic league?
Create a powerful trading contender
Facilitate trade and commerce
Protect mutual trading interests
Expand commercial interests
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What was the Hansiatic league significance and how could they affect Henry 7 ?
Had lots of economic power and trade power.
It could effect it's trading and foreign policy
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What is the merchant adventures ?
English investors and traders who engaged in risky ventures in the 15th and 16th centuries
They were traders, explorers, investors
They were involved in the export of English cloth to northern European ports, and later with northwest Germany. They also traded in foreign goods.
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How did the merchant adventurers effect Henry 7 ?
Effect trade relationships
fuelled cloth exports to Europe
Could not overcome the trading privileges of the HL
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What did henry 7 do regarding the Hansiatic league and merchant adventurers ?
Henry signed the 1504 treaty reaffirming the HL to prevent them supporting the Earl of Suffolk (Yorkist claimant)
Lander: Sacrifice of English commercial interests was ‘out of all proportion to the feeble threat’ posed by the de la Poles.
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Why was England dependent on the cloth industry?
in trading terms on cloth.
Other industries remained small and failed to compete with continental competitors
Little capital investment due to operations supplying basic necessities
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Why was the mining industry small in England under Henery 7 ?
Mining had some capital investment but still little
Coal shipped to London, Germany and the Netherlands
1486: pumping technology enabled greater production
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Where was tin, lead, coal and Iron mined in England?
Tin: Cornwall
Lead: High Pennines and the Mendips
Coal: Durham and Northumberland
Iron Ore: Sussex and Kent
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What was the 1485 Navigation Act and 1489 Navigation Act ?
prohibited English merchants from using foreign ships to transport goods if an English ship was available
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What did the navigation act do?
Boost English shipping
increase profits
Undermine the Hanseatic League
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Was the navigation act a success?
English trade and tonnage increased steadily from the late 17th century.
Failure
The Navigation Acts had a negative impact on colonial economies, hindering economic development and leading to political discontent.
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Who were the leading people in exploration?
What did the try and get?
Spanish and Portuguese explorers had opened up the world
Spain was pioneering overseas exploration to the ‘New World’ and these voyages opened up exciting possibilities in trade.
Portugal dominated the spice trade
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How strong was the significance of English traders?
English sailors were much slower to engage in such activities.
Bristol merchants and seamen interested in transatlantic trade options
Unsuccessful and small-scale Atlantic exploration by the English took place from 1480
, in 1489 a treaty was signed with Denmark that gave English fishermen the right to fish in Icelandic waters.
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Did Henry 7 finance any explorations?
The Royal Council advised him not to finance the voyages of Christopher Columbus, as they believed the plans for the first voyage were too muddled.
Henry did, however, finance the voyages of John Cabot. Lured by his belief that he would make a fortune by funding a route to the Far East by sailing west, Henry funded Cabot’s first journey – to the sum of £50.
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Who was John Cabot?
Italian
Venetian spice trader
Moved to Spain to be a harbour designer
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Why was John Cabot brought to England?
Arrived in Bristol in 1494/5 when Bristol merchants were looking for alternative fishing grounds having being excluded from Icelandic waters by the Hanseatic League.
Cabot received authorisation from Henry VII to ‘search out any isles, countries, regions, which in these times are unknown to all Christians’..
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What did John Cabot find?
Sailed to Newfoundland in 1497- reported fishing grounds.
Presumed lost at sea on his second voyage to Newfoundland in 1498
Never set foot on American mainland.
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Why was it necessary that they find new fishing grounds and when were they actually used?
Hanseatic League prevented Bristol fisherman using Icelandic waters
Cabot reported Newfoundland to have fishing grounds
William Weston (Bristol merchant – first Englishman to lead an expedition to the New World) may have stepped foot on the American mainland in 1499/1500
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Who tried to find the North west passage in Asia?
1508: Cabot’s son (sponsored by Henry) led an unsuccessful attempt to find the ‘north-west passage’ in Asia
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What did Henry halting explorations cause?
Henry VIII didn’t like exploration so halted it
Spain and Portugal took advantage of the new fishing grounds across the Atlantic
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What are reasons for economic prosperity?
Bar a temporary rise in the 1480s, prices remained steady
Wages remained steady
Rise in real incomes for domestic consumers
Building workers and agricultural labourers better off during the 1490s
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What is the reasons for economic depression?
Decline in export price of wool
Decline in price of grain and animal products in the 1490s
Reduction in farming profitability
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Why was Henry 7 economic policies controversial?
The crown’s approach to Trade during Henry VII’s reign had little consistency. Henry was clearly interested in maximising customs revenue. It was clear that he was quite prepared to sacrifice revenue and trade in interest of securing the dynasty.
188
how much was the estaples pension?
£160,000
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Number of nobles fell from 57 in 1487 to how many in 1509?
43
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