Henry VII (reordered) Flashcards
(448 cards)
1
Q
What was the Star Chamber?
A
- a court that was responsible for prosecuting anyone who behaved in a rebellious or lawless manner
2
Q
When was the Star Chamber created?
A
- in the Star Chamber Act in 1487
3
Q
Who sat on the Star Chamber?
A
- the King’s most favoured advisers
4
Q
Why was did the King’s advisers sit on the Star Chamber?
A
- this meant that it was possible to haul even the greatest noblemen before it
5
Q
What else was the Star Chamber used as?
A
- a court of appeal
6
Q
Why is the Star Chamber’s importance debated?
A
- there are a shortage of records
7
Q
What are the arguments on the importance of the Star Chamber?
A
- some argue that Henry made little use of it - the definite truth is that it became more organised and significant under Wolsey
8
Q
What two committees were established in Henry’s reign to deal with royal finances?
A
- the Star Chamber - the Council Learned in Law
9
Q
How did Henry change personally with his dealing of finances?
A
- at first, when he was less experienced, he left the finances to the control of the Exchequer and the Treasury - By 1487, he took more direct control
10
Q
How did Henry take more direct control over finances in 1487?
A
- moved financial administration to his private rooms in the palace, the Chamber and the Privy Chamber - this, like under Edward IV, was the most important area for financial administration
11
Q
What new post did Henry create to investigate money owed from wardships?
A
- Surveyor of the King’s Wards
12
Q
What did Henry create to monitor government spending?
A
- the Court of Audit
13
Q
Why did Henry avoid an aggressive foreign policy?
A
- because this was the mistake of past kings financially and was expensive
14
Q
What did contemporary writer Polydore Vergil write about people under Henry VII?
A
- ‘considered they were suffering not on an account of their own sins, but on account of the greed of their monarch’ - this established Henry’s reputation for being a greedy king
15
Q
What are the two arguments on Henry’s methods of gathering finances?
A
- some argue that he was a miser, obsessed with hoarding money from every source he could find - others argue that Henry’s methods were normal, but just extremely effectively carried out
16
Q
When did Henry appear to become more obsessed with his finances?
A
- after the death of his son and wife in the early 1500s
17
Q
Why do people think that Henry became so obsessed with finances in the last years of his reign?
A
- his succession was not completely secure, so he wanted to ensure the Tudor dynasty was recognised as a prosperous and affluent time
18
Q
How did Henry’s finances compare to other Kings in Europe at the time?
A
- he was nowhere near as affluent (with £113,000) as other kings - for example, the King of France had £800,000
19
Q
What were Crown Lands and how did Henry increase these?
A
- Henry inherited all the lands held by the Houses of York and Lancaster, the Earldoms of Richmond and Warwick the Duchy of Lancaster and the Principality of Wales - Henry increased these through attainders and escheats
20
Q
How did Henry VII develop Edward IV’s use of Crown Lands?
A
- Edward IV had improved the administration of Crown lands by introducing techniques of estate management - Reginald Bray developed these further and applied them to other lands
21
Q
How did Henry’s use of Crown lands differ to Edward IV?
A
- he was more reluctant to grant lands to family and friends than Edward - he instead held onto them to maximise his influence and his income from leases and rents
22
Q
What was the Act of Resumption?
A
- 1486 - this act reclaimed all Crown lands that had been granted away since the start if the Wars of the Roses - this was also sometimes used as a potential threat to noble families to keep them under control
23
Q
What were feudal dues?
A
- these were traditional rights held by the Crown to demand money, deriving from the principle that the King was the sole owner of all the Kingdom’s land and that others held it as tennants
24
Q
What were the 4 main types of payments that the King could demand from the nobility?
A
- Relief - Marriage - Wardship - Livery
25
What were relief feudal dues?
- this was paid by an heir to the King when he received his inheritance
26
What was marriage feudal due?
- the King's right to arrange marriages of the daughters of tenants at a profit
27
What was wardship feudal due?
- this was the control of the estates of heirs under adult age, which the king was allowed to manage for his own profit
28
What was livery feudal due?
- this was a payment made by a ward on reaching adulthood who wanted to take control of his land
29
In which two ways did Henry benefit from feudal dues?
- both politically and financially - he used them for good behaviour by also benefitted from wardships of certain powerful families
30
How much did Henry's income from feudal dues increase from 1487 to 1507?
- £350 to £6,000 per year
31
Give an example of Henry's use of feudal dues to gain power.
- Earl of Northumberland was killed in 1489, leaving a 10 year old son - Henry was able to control and have power over this family through wardship
32
What position did Henry create in 1503 to help administer wardships?
- Master of the King's Wards - This was given to John Hussey first in 1503
33
What were customs duties?
- these were taxes paid on goods entering or leaving the country - by the 15th century, it was traditional practice for Parliament to grant these revenues to a monarch for life
34
Where did money mainly come from for custom duties?
- tunnage and poundage, particularly on the sale of wool, wine and leather
35
What was tunnage and poundage?
- tunnage = taxes on exports - poundage - taxes on imports
36
How did custom duties change from Edward IV to Henry VII?
- Henry largely continued to work of Edward - he introduced certificates for coastal trade - twice updated the Book of Rates
37
What was the Book of Rates?
- this book set out the charges on imports and exports of a wide range of items
38
How much did custom duties rise by from the beginning of Henry's reign to the end?
- start of reign £33,000 - end of reign £40,000
39
What were legal dues?
- money from fines and other payments made by people appearing before the King's courts
40
Where did legal dues come from?
- payments came from both common law courts and the special courts operated by the Royal Council
41
How did Henry change the amounts of legal dues?
- he increased the use fines and attainders - for example, William Stanley brought an immediate payment of £9000 in 1495 and then £1000 per year after that
42
What were bonds and regconisances?
- these were payments made as a guarantee of good behaviour
43
How did Henry administer Bonds and recognisances?
- he demanded from those whose loyalty was suspect, such as Yorkist supporters - he also applied this to merchants who owned custom duties
44
How did Henry improve his finances through bonds and recognisances?
- he used this to both gain finances and maintain control
45
What court was created to maintain control of bonds and recognisances?
- Council Learned in Law
46
What were loans and benevolences?
- these were the King's right to ask for financial help in particular emergencies
47
Who organised the loans and benevolences and who paid them?
They were organised by the royal council. and they were requested from both individuals and institutions, such as town corporations
48
How much did the King raise in 1491 and for what reason?
- he raised £48,000 from loans and benevolences - this was for the War in Brittany - £9000 was contributed from the City of London
49
What were feudal dues in extraordinary revenue?
- these were based on the same claims as in ordinary revenue, but related to a single extraordinary occasion
50
What extraordinary forms of feudal dues was the King entitle to?
- gifts for special occasions, such as when one of his sons was knighted or when a daughter married - these gifts were paid for by leading nobles and parliament was also expected to make a grant on behalf of the people it represented
51
How did Henry fully exploit the extraordinary feudal dues?
- he received £30,000 from parliament for the knighthood of the (then dead) Prince Arthur - he also increased his demands from nobles who had tried to save money by being 'in distrait of knighthood'
52
What were clerical taxes?
- these were special taxes which the King could levy on the Church
53
How did Henry secure clerical taxes? What problems were there with this method?
- the clergy were exempt from paying taxes to Parliament, so this was the only way of getting money from the church - it often came in the form of a voluntary gift
54
How did Henry's use of clerical taxes change from previous monarchs?
- the amount of gifts he received was widely similar to previous monarchs - he used his right to appoint leading churchmen to raise money by selling offices - for example, he raised £3000 for the post of Archdeacon of Buckingham - this practice was called 'simony', which was banned however was widely practiced
55
What were parliamentary taxes?
- these were special grants of taxes by Parliament to finance royal policies such as military action in Europe or Scotland
56
How was parliamentary taxes administered?
- in either 'tenths' or 'fifteenths', and were taxes on the value of moveable property - Henry also tried a form of income tax, but this was hated and soon abandoned
57
How did Henry's use of parliamentary tax cause unpopularity?
- it sparked 2 rebellions, the Cornish in 1497 and the Yorkshire in 1489 - he avoided parliamentary taxes as much as possible
58
What were the main sources of royal income?
- Crown lands - Profits from feudal dues and royal prerogative - Customs revenue - Pensions from other powers - Profits of justice - Extraordinary revenue
59
How did Francis Bacon's 'History of the Reign of Henry VII' present Henry and his finances?
- It presented Henry VII as a miserly king who begrudged throwing money away like many other contemporary rulers, transforming finances to leave a large amount of money to his son
60
What was the revenue from Crown Lands at the start of Henry's reign, how did this change at the end of his reign?
- Start - £12,000 - End £42,000
61
How does Christine Carpenter regard Henry's income from Crown lands?
- impressive - this is significant as Carpenter is very critical of many aspects of Henry's Kingship
62
Why did Crown revenue drop at the start of Henry's reign?
- they dropped because lands were collected and administered through the inefficient Court of Exchequer - perhaps shows that Henry was inexperienced in finance
63
What did Henry decide to do in 1492 regarding finances?
- reverted the Edward's system of administration through the chamber
64
What was Edward's system of administration that Henry reverted to?
- finances were dealt with through the royal household rather than through an administrative department - this allowed Henry to have effective treasurers of the Chamber, such as Sir Thomas Lovell and Sir John Heron
65
What 3 problems did Henry face when taking the throne?
- nobles had too much power - made them a threat - crown had an uneven distribution over the kingdom (limited control in the north) - the crown had poor finances after the wars of the roses
66
What role did the surveyor of the King's wards have?
- investigate money owed to Henry VII from wardship
67
What was the Court of Order?
- this was a place to measure government spending
68
Why did the nobles prove a problem for Henry and what measure did he take overall against them?
- they had too much power and influence - instead of rewarding the nobles to ensure loyalty, Henry decided to force them to support him by showing them the unwelcome consequences of opposition
69
Why was nobles having money a problem?
- they had small private armies (mercenaries) - could generate their own income from rent and leases
70
What three factors did the nobility depend on for independence?
- land - wealth - support - Henry directly attacked all three of these through his financial policy
71
What were attainders?
- these were special laws passed by parliament that allowed someone to be declared guilty of treason without trial - these would take away finances and titles from the person in question, leaving them in no position of power or authority
72
Which men did Henry first give attainders to?
- those who opposed him at the Battle of Bosworth
73
Did Henry reverse attainders?
- yes, if he felt that it would benefit and increase loyalty of the person attained
74
How many attainders did Henry pass in his time as King?
- 138
75
How many attainders did Henry reverse in his time as King?
53328
76
How man attainders were passed in the final years of Henry's reign? What does this show?
- 51 were passed from 1504-09 - this shows how Henry became increasingly insecure and paranoid at the end of his reign
77
What else did Henry sometimes require when reversing an attainder, can you give an example of this?
- often required a sum of money to reverse an attainder - for example, Thomas Tyrell had to pay £1,738 for the reversal of his and his father's attainders
78
What were Henry's feelings towards the distribution of lands as a reward?
- He disliked this policy as he was concerned that he would make a new group of nobles that threatened his power.
79
By how much did the 'noble' population decrease by in Henry's reign?
- fell by 1/4
80
What happened to vacant lands from attainders/death?
- Henry claimed them, making him the largest landowner in the country
81
How did Henry safely employ royal agents to look after local communities?
- he employed people who were lower down the social scale, as they were less dependent on him and did not have extensive lands in the area
82
What was retaining?
- the act of keeping personal staff for 'household servants' - in reality these were personal armies or gangs of enforcers
83
What law was passed in 1485 to reduce retaining?
- He passed a law in Parliament saying that one could not retain illegally
84
What did Henry do in 1504 to reduce retaining?
- passed an act requiring all nobles to obtain a special license before they could retain larger numbers of men - there were severe penalties if this was broken
85
What penalties did Henry introduce for illegal retainers?
- a fine of £5 per month per illegal retainer
86
How did nobles avoid the new laws against retaining?
- they found new ways to avoid getting a license - for example, they would cover up wages they had paid to servants so that no one knew exactly how many men were being retained
87
What were bonds and how did Henry use them?
- these were financial debts owed to the crown that would ensure loyalty - Henry forced nobles to agree to behave themselves or face a ruinous fine
88
What percentage of the nobility were held under bonds in Henry's reign?
- two thirds
89
Give an example of someone who held a bond.
- Lord Burgavenny - He was convicted in 1507 of illegally retaining 471 men, giving him a fine of £70,000 - Henry placed this debt under a bond to repay £5000 over 10 years - He also gave him the instruction that he could not step foot in his family lands until the debt was settles - This meant that Henry both raised money from someone he did not trust, and also obliged him to keep in the King's favour or risk ruin
90
How did Henry enforce these financial policies?
- through the creation of the Council Learned in Law
91
What was the Council Learned in Law?
- this was an offshoot from the main Royal Council which dealt initially with the King's feudal rights, but later controlled all financial matters
92
What was special about members of the Council Learned in Law?
- they all had legal training and acted both as investigators and as judges in cases where there was suspicion of noble not paying their proper dues
93
Who was the first leader of the Council Learned in Law?
- Reginald Bray unitl 1503
94
Who led the Council Learned in Law in the final years of Henry's reign?
- Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson - They were hated and feared
95
Which areas of the country were most difficult to control?
- Those most distant from London - these needed the presence of local nobility
96
How did Henry control areas that were more settled?
- through JPs, who were responsible for public order, the implementation of laws and dispensing justice to criminals brought before them - 4 times a year they met at the Quarter Sessions to try those accused of more serious crimes (apart from treason which was left to the crown)
97
Who ruled the North on Henry's behalf?
- after the death of Northumberland in 1489, the Earl of Suffolk - Henry placed him here because he had no support, lands or a strong base to rival Henry from
98
What were the three main functions of Henry VII's council?
1- to advise the king 2- to administer the realm on the king's behalf 3 - to make legal judgements
99
How many men were recorded as having attended the council during this reign?
227
100
How many men were in Henry VII's working council?
37049
101
What were the three main types of councillor?
1. Members of the nobility 2. Churchmen 3. Laymen
102
What were the three types of councillor - give examples of each.
Members of the nobility - Lord Daubeney and Dynham Churchmen - Richard Fox and John Morton Laymen - Sir Reginald Bray
103
Define magnate
In this context, a member of the higher ranks of the nobility
104
On what occasions would council members meet separately?
To discuss and deal with key administrative concerns, for example Bray and Dudley sometimes met in London to deal with legal matters when the King was with his other councillors elsewhere.
105
Who did Historian David Loades argue was Henry's 'most influential adviser'?
His mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort
106
What was the Great Council?
The Great Council, not to be confused with the normal council, was a meeting of the House of Lords without the House of Commons. It had no set function, but often dealt with war or rebellion. It was not a permanent body and only met 5 times in Henry's reign.
107
What was the function of the Council Learned?
To maintain the king's revenue and exploit his prerogative rights
108
When did the Council develop and who was its first leader?
In the second half of Henry's reign, at first under the leadership of Reginald Bray.
109
How does John Guy describe the Council Learned?
As a 'specialist board'
110
Why was the council learned considered 'shady'
It was not a recognised court of law, and its subjects had no right to appeal its decision.
111
What does historian Thomas Penn say about the Council Learned?
As something that cause 'fear, frustration and anger, as it bypassed the normal legal system'
112
Who was Bray's associate in the Council Learned?
Richard Empson
113
Who led the Council Learned with Empson after Bray's death in 1503?
Edmund Dudley
114
Who were the feared leaders of the Council Learned that created enemies in England?
Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson
115
What happened to Empson and Dudley after the King's death?
Bishop Fox and Sir Thomas Lovell, who were some of the King's key advisors. After Henry VII's death in 1509, they removed Empson and Dudley from their positions to the sound of rejoicing in the streets.
116
What did the Tudor's rely heavily upon?
The Royal Court, which was the centre of government
117
What was the royal court's function?
- it housed the royal chamber - where the King could be found at any time - it's where advancements in position could be attained - where the support of the king and other influential figures could be attained
118
What was the function of the household proper?
It was responsible for looking after the king, courtiers and guests that were being entertained. These personal catering requirements were seen to by Lord Steward
119
What was the Chamber?
the private areas of the court; also a key department for the efficient collection of royal revenues
120
What was the Lord Chamberlain?
An experienced nobleman and member of the king's council, and a personal friend of the king.
121
Why did the Lord Chamberlain have so much political power?
he had administrative and political power, often speaking for the monarch in an official capacity, and was also responsible for organising court ceremonies.
122
What was the Privy Chamber?
comprising the close personal servants of the monarch; its members had direct access to the monarch and therefore could influence him or her more directly.
123
How was Perkin Warbeck involved with the Privy Chamber?
The position of Lord Chamberlain gained considerable trust. In 1495, Henry's Lord Chamberlain Sir William Stanley, was involved in a treasonable plot with Perkin Warbeck.
124
What did Henry create in response to this betrayal?
The Privy Chamber, a private chamber to which the king could retreat, protected by his most intimate servants.
125
How did this remodel affect the court?
This changed the character of the court, thus making it more difficult for those who were out of favour to regain the kings support.
126
What was the function of parliament?
To pass law as and grant taxation to the crown
127
What was parliament's subsidiary function?
A means in which local issues could be passed on by MPs to the King's officials
128
How many parliaments did Henry call?
7 parliaments 5 in his first 10 years and 2 in the last 14 years
129
What were Henry's early parliaments for?
Issues of national security and raising revenue.
130
What were Henry's later Parliaments for?
Granted extraordinary revenue, enabling the king to go to war.
131
What were fifteenths and tenths?
A standard form of taxation calculated in the 14th century, paid by towns and boroughs to the Crown.
132
How much revenue did Henry gain from fifteenths and tenths?
£203,000
133
What did Henry's final Parliament in 1504 achieve?
Limited the demand for extraordinary revenue
134
What does the research carried out by Historian Paul Cavill suggest about Parliament in Henry's reign?
On the whole, parliament operated effectively, and the king respected its decisions. There were a number of private acts passed in response to local demands for improvement.
135
Why was maintenance of law and order a huge responsibility for the King?
Problems with law and order could lead to uprisings or rebellions, which could threaten Henry's authority
136
What was the first thing Henry relied on to keep law and order in England?
Trusted members of the nobility, which exercised power on his behalf across the country
137
Who were some key members of the nobility that aided Henry in law and order?
In the northwest - the Stanleys Northeast and Yorkshire - Earl of Northumberland
138
What problem did Henry face with the death of the Earl of Northumberland? How did Henry solve this?
- Northumberland, who was killed in a tax revolt, was key to the maintaining of law and order in the North. - To solve this, Henry decided on the risky strategy of releasing the Earl of Surrey from the tower and placing him in charge. - He sent the known supporter of Richard III to an area where Richard's supporters lived, but this worked as they respected him and he ruled there for ten years
139
What did Henry rely on at a local level to maintain law and order?
Justices of the Peace (JPs)
140
What was the role of JPs?
JPs replaced the traditional sheriffs on a county-by-county basis, and maintained law and order by being responsible for: - tax assessments - alehouse regulation - the investigation of complaints against local officials - the maintenance of law and order
141
What were bonds and recognisances?
A debt that was owed to the king and had to be paid if the subject broke the vow of good behaviour.
142
Why did the King use Bonds and Recognisances?
to enforce order and obedience, and defeat the law, a system that can be regarded as morally dubious.
143
What was the 5 things that church courts were responsible for?
- Church administration - Offences committed by the clergy - Proving of wills - issues related to marriage - 'moral' offences
144
What were manor courts responsible for?
- landholding - rights and responsibilities of landowners and tenants - use of common land - responsibilities for drainage and land issues
145
What were Borough courts responsible for?
- medieval trading standards - specific judicial rights granted by royal charter
146
What were the King's court at county level responsible for?
- Assizes: held twice a year to deal with major criminal and civil cases - quarter sessions: held 4 times a year, presided over by JPs to deal with less important criminal cases and civil and administrative affairs - Special commissions - dealt with major issues such as rebellion
147
What was the responsibilities of the King's common law courts?
- King's bench: superior criminal jurisdiction - Common pleas: dealt with major civil cases - Exchequer: dealt with issues regarding royal revenues
148
What was the responsibility of the chancery?
Exercised jurisdiction on the basis of equity rather than a strict reading of the common law
149
What was the religion of England and who's jurisdiction was in under?
-Catholicism -The Pope in Rome
150
How many parish churches were there?
Over 8,000
151
What were guilds and confraternities?
Voluntary associations of individuals treated to promote works of christian charity and devotion
152
How did the Church help social and political elites stay in control?
-Encouraged good behaviour and obedience -Stressed the values of community
153
What opportunity did the Church provide for Cardinal Wolsey?
The opportunity for social advancement through the attainment of high office in Church and state
154
What was the relationship between the Church and the state?
Erastian
155
How many provinces were there and who controlled them?
-2, York and Canterburry -Archbishops
156
How many diocese were there and who controlled them?
-17 -Bishops
157
What did senior clergy often do?
Participate in politics
158
Which two churchmen had the most political influence?
John Morton and Richard Foox
159
Which office was dominated by clergymen?
Chancellor
160
Which clergymen were members of the house of lords?
Abbots and bishops
161
What were the seven sacraments?
-Baptism -Confirmation -Marriage -Anointing of the sick -Penance -Holy Orders -Eucharist
162
Why was mass important?
-It was a sacrament performed by the priest on behalf of the community -It was a sacred ritual in which the whole community participated
163
Why did benefactors leave money ro chantries?
-To benefit their religious experience -To benefit the religious experience of the community
164
What king of things did confraternities pay for?
-funerals -paying chaplains -maintaining church fabric -charitable donations
165
What sort of things did the wealthier confraternities do?
-Ran schools -Maintained bridges, highways and sea walls -rebuilt church spires
166
Why did people go on pilgrimages?
To gain relief from purgatory
167
What was the most popular pilgrimage site?
The tomb of Thomas Becket at Canterbury
168
Why were pilgrimages so common?
They were accesible because there were many pilgrimage sites
169
What happened on Rogation Sunday?
The community would walk round the parish boundaries to pray for its protection
170
What does Rogation Sunday show?
The importance of the parish as the key focus of local community for ordinary people
171
what percentage of adult males were monks?
0.01
172
How many monasteries and nunneries were there?
750
173
What was the oldest and most common religious order?
The Benedictines
174
Where were a large proportion of the monks in the larger religious houses drawn from?
The wealthier parts of society
175
What did friars do?
They worked among lay people
176
How were friars payed?
Largely by charitable donations
177
What were the three main orders of friars?
-The Dominicans -The Franciscans -The Augustinians
178
Where were friars recruited. from in the social scale?
Lower down than large monasteries
179
How wealthy were nunneries?
Most were relatively poor
180
Who populated nunneries?
Women who were deemed unsuitable for marriage
181
Who founded lollardy?
John Wycliffe
182
When did lollardy emerge?
14th century
183
What were lollard beliefs?
-Stressing understanding of the bible and favouring its translation into English -Sceptical of transubstantiation and the eucharist and considered the Catholic Church corrupt -Denying the special status of priests
184
Where did lollardy mainly exist?
The south of England
185
How were lollard views considered?
Heresy
186
When did lollardy loose popularity?
After a failed lollard rising in 1414
187
When was the burning of heretics introduced to English law?
1401
188
What usually motivated significant busts of anti clericalism?
politics
189
What was the population of England at the beginning of the 15th century?
2.2 million.
190
Where were the majority of people living at this time?
-in the countryside and relying on some form of farming for a living. -most of the 10% of the population who were actually urban dwellers lived in towns which were small by continental standards.
191
What was London's population?
exceeded 50,000.
192
How many towns has as many as 3000 people?
20 towns had as many as 3000 people.
193
What was Norwich's population?
-Norwich had a population exceeding 10,000.
194
What were Bristol, York and Coventry's populations like?
- Bristol, York and Coventry had populations in the range of 8000 to 10,000.
195
What were the main industries in these urban areas?
-wool and cloth were the main industries. Other industries included tin, lead and coal, metal working, leatherwork, shipbuilding and papermaking.
196
How was income from the land affected by the Black Death?
-income from land had declined in the aftermath of the Black Death of the 1300s and early 1400s, though it has been suggested that there was something of a recovery in the 1480s and 1490s, as the population began to increase again.
197
Was there are move towards sheep farming?
-there was much evidence of a greater move towards sheep farming in the 1480s and 1490s.
198
What was the reason for the move towards sheep farming?
-it was a reflection not only of the depressed profitability of arable (crop) farming, but also the improved profitability of sheep farming brought about by the increasing demand for wool, as the population grew and trade overseas developed.
199
What were the agricultural divisions in England?
-England could be divided into "lowland zone" to the south and east (a line drawn from the Tees estuary to Weymouth) and a "highland zone" (roughly north and west of that line).
200
What was the most common form of farming?
-mixed farming was the most common form of farming found in lowland zone, though pastoral farming predominated in woodland areas and there were specialisms such as horse breeding in the Fenlands.
201
Where was open-field husbandry found?
-concentrated mainly in the grown-growing areas of the southeast and the east Midlands.
202
What is mixed farming?
-a system of farming which involves the growing crops as well as raising of animals as livestock.
203
What is pastoral farming?
-farming involving the rearing of animals- either for animal by products such as milk, eggs or wool, or for meat.
204
What were common rights?
-denotes the legal right of tenants to use common land, for example for keeping animals, the exact nature of these rights varied from place to place.
205
What was open-field husbandry?
-form of landholding which predominated in most of "lowland" England. The manor was a specific landed estate whose tenants farmed strips of land found in open fields and who enjoyed common rights, particularly for keeping animals, the system came under increasing pressure by enclosure in some parts of the country as the 16th century unfolded.
206
What were the wool and cloth traders doing?
-making sheep farming more profitable.
207
How did the improved production and profitability come at a cost for peasants?
-they lost their access to land and common rights, and were often left destitute by the process.
208
Did English agriculture undergo any significant change?
-it underwent no significant change towards the end of the 15th century, and the beginning of the 16th century.
209
How many harvests were deficient?
1 in 4 harvests in a typical decade were deficient and these often led to famine and mass starvation.
210
What percentage of the English exports was the cloth trade responsible for?
0.9
211
What was the percentage increase in the volume of cloth exports?
60% increase in the volume of cloth exports in Henry VII's reign.
212
How many people were involved in the cloth trade?
30000
213
What had the bulk of exports comprised of in the first part of the century?
-comprised of raw wool, this was shipped mainly from east-coast ports such as Boston, Lynn and Yarmouth and exported through Calais by the Merchant of the Staple.
214
What type of cloth dominated the trade?
-finished cloth.
215
What did finished cloth lead to?
-the development of weaving, usually done as a domestic process, and fulling and dyeing, which were commercial enterprises. -as a result the industry offered opportunities for employment.
216
What cloth towns were prosperous?
Lavenham in Suffolk and Lewes in Sussex.
217
What historic cities suffered and why?
Some historic cities such as Winchester and Lincoln had suffered significant decay as the cloth industry tended to move from older corporate boroughs to new manufacturing centres in smaller market towns and villages in East Anglia, the West Riding of Yorkshire and parts of the West Country.
218
What reinforced London's commercial dominance within the country?
- an increasing proportion of the finished cloth was exported from London through the Merchant Adventurers. This reinforced London's commercial dominance within the country and established a commercial axis in Antwerp.
219
What was the Merchant of the Staple?
-they controlled the export of wool, the staple was based at Calais from 1363, but the eventual decline in the wool trade reduced the company's importance.
220
What was fulling?
-a step in wollen cloth making involving the cleansing of cloth to eliminate oils, dirt and other impurities, making it thicker in the process.
221
Who were the Merchant Adventurers?
-the wealthiest and most influential company of the City of London, the Merchant Adventurers were a trading organisation which came increasingly to dominate London's cloth trade with Antwerp.
222
What did the Merchant Adventurer's domination of the cloth trade match?
-the Merchant Adventurer's domination of the cloth trade matched the dominance of the wool trade by the Merchants of the Calais Staple, whose economic position they increasingly supplanted.
223
How did the King use the Merchant Adventurers?
-the king increasingly used their expertise in the negotiating of trade treaties such as Intercursus Magnus and the Intercursus Malus.
224
Why could the Merchant Adventures not achieve complete domination of trade?
- because they proved unable to overcome the trading privileges enjoyed by the Hanseatic League which had been reasserted by the treaty in 1474 and again in 1504.
225
Why did Henry VII reassert this treaty?
-because he needed to ensure that the Hanseatic League would offer no support to the Yorkist claimant to the throne, the Earl of Suffolk.
226
Which industry did England remain dependent upon?
cloth industry.
227
Why did England remain dependent on the cloth industry?
-because other industries remained small and failed to compete effectively with their continental competitors.
228
What were weaving and brewing like?
-they were fairly small scale. -they required little capital investment. Most such operations supplied the basic necessities of life, food and shelter.
229
What did mining require more of?
-capital investment.
230
Where was tin mined?
-Cornwall.
231
Where was lead mined?
-mined in uplands areas such as the high Pennines and the Mendips.
232
Where was coal mined?
-Durham and Northumberland.
233
Where was iron ore mined and smelted?
-in the Weald of Sussex and Kent, where there was a blast furnace.
234
Where was coal also mined?
-Northeast.
235
Where was the coal shipped from and to where?
-shipped from Newcastle to meet the growing demand for domestic and industrial fuel in London, but there was also a small export trade to Germany and the Netherlands.
236
What was the Hanseatic League?
-a group of free cities originating in the 13th century, which came together to form a commercial union with the intention of controlling in the Baltic Sea. -the League dominated commercial activity in northern Europe from the 13th to the 15th century.
237
What was Henry's attitude towards trade?
-it was clear that Henry was interested in maximising customs revenue. But it was also evident that he was prepared to sacrifice revenue and trade in interests of securing the dynasty, and he was happy for Parliament to legislate in favour of sectional interests.
238
What was the biggest issue concerning trade in Henry's reign?
-the embargo on trade with the Netherlands. He imposed this in 1493 as a result of the fear and insecurity brought about by Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck.
239
What was the effect of the embargo on trade?
-instead of trading directly with the Netherlands, merchants were required to direct their trade through Calais.
240
How did the Netherlands retaliate to the embargo?
-the embargo ended with the treaty known as the Intercursus Magnus, though the terms of the treaty were still being debated two years later.
241
What did the Intercursus Magnus do?
-set down that English merchants could export to any part of the Duke of Burgundy's lands apart from Flanders, that merchants would be granted swift and fair justice and that effective arrangements would be put in place for the resolution of disputes.
242
Did Henry ever think about imposing another trade embargo?
Henry appeared to panic once again in 1503 when the claim of the Earl of Suffolk was once again taken seriously around Burgundy. Henry attempted to reimpose the embargo. In this instance, he was fortunate that circumstances in 1506 allowed him to negotiate the Intercursus Malus.
243
When did Philip of Burgundy confirm the Intercursus Magnus?
-1499
244
Did the Intercursus Malus become operative?
-never became fully operative and by the following year trading relationships had been restored on the basis of the Intercursus Magnus.
245
When were trading restrictions removed?
-1486
246
When were the trading restrictions reimposed?
-1487 due to Henry's support for Brittany. But they were largely removed again under the Treaty of Etaples in 1492.
247
When were most of the remaining trading restrictions removed?
-1497
248
What was the Hanseatic League successful in limiting?
-the English trading interests in the Baltic.
249
What was the aim of the Navigation Acts 1485 and 1489?
-to encourage English shipping by trying to ensure that only English ships should carry certain products to and from English ports.
250
Were the Navigation Acts successful?
-only limited in success since foreign vessels continued to transport a substantial proportion of English exports.
251
What were sectional interests?
-the interests of a particular group within a community or country.
252
What is extort?
-obtain through force, threats or unfair means.
253
What had Spanish and Portuguese explorers opened up?
-opened up much of the world, and the Portuguese had particularly benefited from their domination of the spice trade, English sailors were much slower to engage in such materials.
254
When did John Cabot arrive in Bristol?
-1494 and 1495. -this was a time when Bristol fish merchants were looking for alternative fishing grounds to exploit, having been excluded from Icelandic waters by the Hanseatic League.
255
When did Cabot sail?
1497. -he located what became known as Newfoundland and reported the existence of extensive fishing grounds.
256
What happened to prices?
-apart from a temporary rise in the 1480s, prices seemed to remain steady.
257
What happened to the price of wool and grain?
-there was a decline in the export price of wool and in the price of grain in the 1490s.
258
Were building workers and agricultural labourers better of?
-both building workers and agricultural labourers were, on the whole, better off during the 1490s than they would be at any other time during the Tudor period.
259
What aspect fo agriculture developed during the reign of Henry VII?
-enclosure. -this was where land was fenced-off and common rights over land were abolished.
260
What did enclosure mean for animals?
-selective breeding of animals could be tried.
261
Where was enclosure most common?
-the Midlands.
262
What percentage of the land was enclosed in Henry's reign?
0.03
263
What laws were introduced in regards to enclosure?
-Parliament did introduce two laws, both in 1489 that can be seen as being anti-enclosure. -one was specifically for the Isle of Wight while the other was a more general piece of legislation.
264
What was it believed that enclosure was doing?
-that enclosure was causing depopulation.
265
At the start of Henry's reign what happened to the amount of raw wool exported?
-in 1485 the amount of raw wool exported had fallen by 50% and was being replaced by the finished article.
266
What were the three main areas of woollen cloth making?
-West Riding of Yorkshire, East Anglia and the West Country.
267
What percentage of overseas trade was wool based?
-0.9
268
Where was linen produced?
Lancashire.
269
Who did Henry view as a rival and why?
The Venetians as a rival as they dominated the trade of luxury goods.
270
What did he do as a result of the rivalry with the Venetians?
He began encouraging trade with Venice's rival, Florence in 1488.
271
How did Venice respond?
They retaliated by imposing high tariffs on all English imports, essentially killing of English trade there.
272
How did Henry respond to these tariffs?
In 1490, a treaty was arranged with Florence that arranged the import of wool into Pisa, the main port of Florence. At the same time, he restricted the sale of wool to the Venetians.
273
What did the Venetians do?
They withdrew import duties on English goods. This gave Henry trade route into the Mediterranean.
274
How much did the Alum trade bring in?
Made £15,000 from its import.
275
What is Humanism?
A broadly intellectual cultural movement developing from the Renaissance movement.
276
What were Humanists particularly concerned about doing?
Establishing the reliability of Latin and Greek translations in order to purify the ideas of religious texts. Christian Humanism was the movement which arose when this approach was applied to biblical texts.
277
In the Catholic faith, what did Humanists particularly believe in?
The notion of Free Will
278
Who were the earliest humanist scholars of significance in Tudor England?
William Grocyn (1449-1519) and Thomas Linacre
279
How did Grocyn and Linacre experience humanist approaches?
Grocyn - lectured at Oxford on the ideas of Aristotle and Plato Linacre - particularly influenced by science, took a medical degree at the University of Padua
280
Who was John Colet? What did he believe?
He travelled to Italy and was introduced to Humanism there. He saw humanist scholarly approaches as a way of reforming the Church. It is thought by Historians that his views foreshadowed those who favoured the growth of Protestantism.
281
Who was Desiderius Erasmus?
A renowned Dutch scholar, who paid is first visit to England in 1499, was someone who 'epitomised the spirit of new learning'. His friendship with Thomas More gave a huge boost to humanist ideas in the early reign of Henry VIII
282
Who was Sir Thomas More?
A distinguished lawyer and humanist scholar, most famous perhaps, as the author of Utopia. He was a valued councillor to Henry VIII and was appointed to Lord Chancellor on the fall of Wolsey in 1529. He resigned in 1532 in despair of Henry's religious changes and was executed for treason.
283
What was humanism like in the time of Henry VII?
Humanism made little impression on England in this period and English medieval life continued to be dominated by the traditional medieval scholastic philosophy. Humanists considered this too formal and old-fashioned.
284
Which schools provided early education in the Henry VII period?
'Song Schools' and 'Reading Schools' provided elementary education for the very young.
285
What form of secondary education was available?
Secondary education took place in grammar schools, some of which had been around for centuries but many others were built during this period.
286
How many new schools were founded between 1460 and 1509?
53
287
What did education depend on in this period?
- the amount of money you had. - your location.
288
What subject was central to the grammar school curriculum?
Latin Most schools continued to teach this the traditional way, but the 1480s saw a the beginnings of a humanistic approach, particularly and Magdalen College School in Oxford. Teachings of English remained as a by-product of the teaching of Latin.
289
Which two universities were around at this period?
Oxford and Cambridge
290
Which of these two universities expanded more in Henry VII's reign?
Oxford had experienced substantial growth at the start of the 15th century, but Cambridge continued to expand into Henry's reign. Lady Margaret Beaufort was responsible for the foundation of Christ's College and St John's College Cambridge.
291
What was a popular art form in Henry's reign?
drama and plays - these were often performed in association with Church festivals or performed at the feasts of Corpus Christi.
292
Why were drama performances important festive occasions?
They were important because Churches, corporations and guilds performed plays which demonstrated moral and religious messages for the moral improvements of their audiences.
293
What types of music were popular in Henry's reign?
- local bagpipe and wind groups entertained people on saints days, often accompanied by drinking songs - great choral pieces were sung at Cathedrals throughout the country
294
What is the most important surviving source for music from Henry's period?
The Eton Choir-book This was compiled in around 1505 and has a collection of 93 separate musical compositions
295
Who were the main patrons for music in this period and what instruments were primarily used?
- musicians were often employed at the home of the Earl of Oxford - Lady Margaret Beaufort was a regular patron - Music performed at court or in households often used instruments such as trumpets, shawms (medieval wind instrument), sackbuts (medieval trombone), stringed instruments and lutes.
296
Who were Brown and Fayrfax?
- composers - wrote secular songs that were used for entertainment.
297
What type of building went through major rebuilding in Henry's reign?
-Parish Churches - The vast number of Churches built in gothic perpendicular style is an indication of the scale of investment which took place.
298
Examples of Churches built in the Gothic Perpendicular style?
- Saint Mary Redcliffe in Bristol - Lavenham - Long Melford - In 1502, Henry VII approved this architectural style for the Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey
299
What did English Culture mainly follow in Henry's reign?
English Culture still followed the Gothic traditions of northwestern Europe, with an allegedly primitive visual style. The new industry of printing was still only concerned with traditional medieval culture. However, tastes began to change and by the time of Henry VII's death in 1509 humanist influences had reached England, particularly from Italy.
300
What was Henry VII's claim to the throne?
- He had a weak claim through the Beaufort line on his Mother's side - This line was at first illegitimate - However, after the death of Henry VI in 1471, Henry Tudor was the head of the Lancastrians
301
What was the Wars of the Roses?
- Wars between the House of Lancaster and the House of York - Began in 1455 - Subjected England to a violent civil war, with many changes of monarch
302
Why was Richard III disliked in England?
- He was seen as the cause for the disappearance of the princes - Was not the rightful heir to the throne
303
Who was King in England at this time? Why was he King?
- Richard III - He was king after he promised to look after the throne for Edward IV's two young sons - The sons mysteriously disappeared
304
When was the Battle of Bosworth?
- 22nd August 1485
305
What did Henry do on the day before the Battle of Bosworth?
- He declared himself as King of England
306
Why was Henry declaring himself King significant?
- It meant that when he was successful in battle, he could declare all of Richard III's supporters as traitors. - This gave him the power to remove power from the powerful nobles who may be a threat to his reign. - This also allowed him to reward his own supporters, potentially giving them titles to allow him to have supporters in power quickly.
307
What were Henry's reasons for winning the Battle of Bosworth?
- 1,800 experienced French mercenaries - Gained support from Earl of Oxford and Welsh Nobles - Promised to marry Elizabeth of York - uniting Houses - Tactics centred around his protection - Charles VII gave 60,000 francs
308
What were Richard's reasons for losing the Battle of Bosworth?
- Lacked loyalty - couldn't trust his captains - Lord Stanley defected to Tudor's side during the battle - Earl of Norfolk was killed - Poor tactics
309
When did Henry declare the Battle of Bosworth had happened? Why did he do this?
- He declared the battle had happened on the 21st, not the 22nd of August - This is so he could declare Richard and the Yorkists traitors to his Kingship
310
Who proclaimed that Henry was King?
- Henry was proclaimed King by Lord Stanley. - There were processions and celebrations after this happened.
311
How did Henry reward his loyal servants?
- Henry knighted 11 men on Bosworth Field. - Others were given rewards later in the year
312
When was Henry VII's coronation?
- October 30th
313
What did Henry do in terms of his coronation and parliament?
- He had his coronation before his first Parliament, so that he could claim that his claim to the throne was based on hereditary right rather than because Parliament had sanctioned it
314
Who did Henry marry? Why was this significant?
- Henry married Elizabeth of York in 1486 - In January, Henry had promised to marry Elizabeth as a way of gaining support for his campaign to the English throne. - This united the two houses together, essentially ending the War of the Roses.
315
Who was Elizabeth of York?
- Daughter of Edward IV. - This made Henry's claim to the throne more legitimate
316
Who was born in 1486? Why were they significant?
- Henry's first son Arthur was born in 1486. - This confirmed that Henry had a succession to the throne and therefore made him more secure as a leader.
317
What 4 types of propaganda did Henry VII introduce?
- Tudor Rose - a unification of two family's rivalry, - Coinage - coins presented to foreign visitors with Henry on - Buildings - cathedrals & architecture built with his family image - Beaufort Portcullis - further propaganda of his mother
318
What was the Act of Resumption?
- Passed in 1486 - Restoration of all land from Wars of Roses since 1455, into Henry's possession?
319
How did Henry effectively use parliament in 1485?
- Declaration of the king's title - created a proof that his claim was illegitimate and was king also through the grace of God - Acts of Attainder - he reversed some placed against his men and placed many against Yorkists who had fought him - Created new Tunnage and Poundage - this increased his profits from imports and exports. - He had the house of Lords and the noblemen swear an Oath of Loyalty.
320
What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VII's consolidation wasn't completely successful.
- He faced rebellions early into his reigns such as the Lovell-Stafford rebellion and the Lambert Simnel rebellion. Both of these were with the intention to replace Henry as King. - Henry had imprisoned Edward Earl of Warwick, however, he had a much stronger claim than Henry. - Richard III had named Richard de la Pole as successor; this undermined Henry's claim to the throne.
321
What was the date of the Yorkshire Rebellion?
1489
322
What was the size of subsidy asked for before Yorkshire rebellion?
£100,000 to be gained through tax
323
Why did they refuse to pay in Yorkshire?
French invasion would come from the South
324
What was the Yorkshire rebellion motivated by?
Yorkist sympathies (unsurprising as early in reign)
325
What happened to earl of Northumberland?
Put the case of the Yorkshire people before the king King refused Killed for returning with nothing
326
What did Henry do in responde to Northumberlands murder?
Sends an army of 8000 men led by Earl of Surrey which puts down the rebellion
327
What are the positive outcomes of Yorkshire rebellion?
Earl of Surrey made lieutenant of the north (patronage) Still able to take loan and go to war
328
What are the negative outcomes of Yorkshire rebellion?
Only £30,000 of £100,000 collected Image to Europe that England is not united Lack of authority remembered and same problem with Cornish rebellion
329
When was the Cornish rebellion?
1497
330
Why did the Cornish refuse tax?
Campaign against Scotland No geographical threat to them
331
How large was the Cornish rebellion?
15000 marched into Devon and gained support and supplies
332
How far did the Cornish rebels get? (how threatening)
Guilford- moved Henry to tower of London
333
How were the Cornish rebels put down?
Recalls 8000 men that were headed to Scotland Battle of Blackheath - 25000 against the rebels
334
What are the negative outcomes of Cornish rebellion?
Becomes more paranoid- rebellion late in reign Had to change foreign policy in Scotland as recalls troops Little support from nobles
335
When was the Lovell and Stafford rebellion?
1486
336
What did lovell and Staffords aim to do?
Overthrow the king
337
How popular was the Lovell and Stafford rebellion?
Gained support even in Worcester where there was mass support for Henry
338
How did Lovell and Stafford have foreign support?
Lovell fled to Margaret of York in Flanders.
339
How did Henry keep control over the Lovell and Stafford rebellion?
Monitored every step with spy network
340
How did Henry stop the Worcester rising?
May 1486 - Henry was in York on a nationwide tour of the country. As soon as he advanced towards Worcester in order to eliminate Yorkist support, the Stafford brothers fled to sanctuary
341
What was the problem with the capture of Staffords?
Broke sanctuary - issues with pope innocent viii but they were quickly resolved
342
What are the positive outcome of Lovell and Stafford rebellion?
Suspended laws of sanctuary in cases of treason- helped later with Warbeck
343
What did Henry do with the Stafford brothers and why?
Older Stafford (Humphrey) executed, younger brother (Thomas) spared. An example for potential rebels but also shows he isn't threatened
344
When was the Simnel rebellion?
1487
345
Who did Simnel pretend to be?
First Richard of York (younger prince in tower), then Earl of Warwick (older prince in tower).
346
Who was Simnel's teacher?
Richard Symonds (priest from Oxford). Simnel was only 10 years old
347
What foreign support and recognition did Simnel have?
Crowned Edward VI by Earl of Kildare in Ireland (May) Gained support from Margaret of Burgundy who gave him 2000 German merchants (led by Schwarz, talented military leader) Foreign support led to domestic support
348
Who supported simnel?
Earl of Lincoln fled t Flanders in May - betrayal from senior noble = weakness. Made him harsher and more mistrusting with nobles
349
Why did Lincoln not gain support?
People did not want another civil war
350
When was the Battle of Stoke?
June 16th 1487
351
How many were in the battle of Stoke? Who had the upper hand?
12000 English against 8000 of lincolns In the initial stages Lincoln's force held the upper hand (Germans were good soldiers)
352
How many people were killed in Battle of Stoke?
Lincoln, Schwarz and Thomas Geraldine (leader of the Irish) were killed. Over half of Lincoln's force was killed.
353
What were the punishments for Symonds and Simnel?
Symonds- life in bishops prison Simnel- pardoned earned position in the king's kitchen. Henry recognised that he was not the cause of the invasion but a mere pawn
354
What were the positive outcomes of the Simnel rebellion?
Showed strength and that simnel was no threat to him by pardoning him Pardoned many nobles to keep loyal and 28 attained (increasing wealth and dettering others from rebelling)
355
What were the negative outcomes of Simnel rebellion?
Foreign support Simnel was believed even after the real Warwick was paraded through London
356
When was the Warbeck rebellion?
1491-1499
357
Who did Warbeck pretend to be?
Richard, Duke of York
358
Why was pretending to be Richard a problem for Henry?
Younger prince in tower, likely dead therefore cannot show the real one.
359
What foreign support did Warbeck have?
Charles VIII in Paris 1492 (around 100 Yorkist supporters gathered there to see him), Margaret of Burgundy in Flanders (took Warbeck as her nephew Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian (recognised Warbeck as Richard IV of England then James IV
360
What were Henry's advantages against Warbeck?
Maximilian wasn't as influential in real life as he was on paper Charles VIII of France lost interest in Warbeck and directed his attention and finance towards north Italy, which he invaded in 1494. Henry's spy network across Europe let him know that Warbeck's support was falling
361
How did Henry get Warbeck to leave France?
Treaty of etaples 1492- used spy network to inform him that Charles would sign the treaty as France is more concerned with North Italy
362
How did Henry remove Warbeck from Burgundy?
3 year trade ban put pressure on Margaret of burgundy to sign the magnus intercursus (cloth trade was important to england and flanders: showed how seriously Henry took this threat)
363
When was the Magnus Intercursus?
1496
364
What were the negatives of the embargo?
Profitable trade industry :- trade ban destructive for English too Prioritised securing Tudor dynasty over trade and economic health of england= poverty, resentment and more rebellions- link to Cornish
365
What was the Sir Robert Clifford Betrayal?
Pretended to plot for Warbeck but secretly gave info to Henry. Clifford was pardoned and rewarded
366
How did Henry reduce English support for Warbeck?
-passed a number of acts of attainder in 1495 -Sir William Stanley (Chamberlain - one of the most trusted of positions in the king's court) had an act of attainder passed against him and was executed -Lord Fitzwalter (Henry's steward) was also executed
367
How did Warbeck highlight the threat from the nobility?
Low internal threat as spy network knew who supported him etc Except did not predict Stanley and Fitzwalter's betrayal immediately
368
What did Warbeck receive in Ireland?
July 1495 - Warbeck laid siege to Waterford (a town loyal to Henry) but was unsuccessful. Set off for Scotland after
369
How was Warbeck being welcomed into Scotland a threat?
1495 James IV gave Warbeck financial aid, (£1200 a year) allowing him to invade England (popular rebellions did not have this) Married Lady Catherine Gorden (cousin to James IV) therefore more legitimate
370
What happened in Warbeck's invasion with Scotland?
Using his pension to finance it, Warbeck attempted an invasion of England. It was a disaster as no one south of the border was willing to support him.
371
What was the aftermath of the Warbeck invasion with Scotland?
In August 1497 he was persuaded to give himself up. Henry allowed Warbeck to remain at court where he could be watched. Perkin tried to run away and was put in the stocks, humiliated and sent to the Tower. Tried to escape a second time Was hanged on November 23rd 1499.
372
How did Henry get Warbeck out of Scotland?
1497: Truce of Ayton - cannot harbour rebels Henry offered his eldest daughter's hand in marriage to James, which James believed had far more advantages to Scotland than Warbeck could ever offer.
373
What are the positives of the Warbeck invasion?
Never gained support in Ireland Attempted to join Cornish rebellion and failed Foreign policy stopped him from gaining support in one place
374
How was Edmund de la Pole different from other pretenders?
Showed outward conformity
375
Who was Edmund de la Pole?
Earl of Suffolk Brother of the Earl of Lincoln who had been killed in the attempted Simnel Rebellion
376
What was Edmund's first attempt at a rebellion?
July 1499 - Suffolk suddenly disappeared only to reappear at Guisnes near Calais. Henry feared that he would lead a foreign-backed invasion. Suffolk was persuaded by Henry to return to England and he remained outwardly loyal until 1501.
377
Why did Edmund rebel?
had been angered by Henry's refusal to elevate him to a dukedom as his father had held.
378
What was Edmund's second attempt at a rebellion?
In 1501, Suffolk, along with his brother Richard, fled to the court of the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian.
379
Why was Edmund de la Pole gaining support from Maximilian not a major threat?
Maximilian could not enforce his authority across his entire empire.
380
What did Henry's spies find about Edmund de la Pole?
There was a fully planned campaign to replace him as king
381
How was Edmund de la Pole captured?
1506 - Philip and Joana of Burgundy had to take refuge in the port of Weymouth as a result of a storm. Henry offered the Treaty of Windsor, Philip agreed as long as their lives would be spared Suffolk imprisoned but not executed (executed under Henry VIII)
382
What did Henry do with the nobility to prevent Edmund de la Pole rebellion?
Arrested all of suffolks relations and attained 51 men in Jan 1504 (largest number in one single action in Henry's reign)
383
What were the terms of the Treaty of Windsor?
- the Intercursus Malus (restored trade relations between England and Burgundy) - the return of the Earl of Suffolk - a proposed marriage alliance for Henry VII and Philip's sister, Archduchess Margaret - Henry's recognition of Joanna and Philip as rulers of Castile
384
Why was Philip of Burgundy important?
Burgundy was part of the HRE and so he was seen as a senior figure within the imperial hierarchy
385
Why was Suffolk/ Edmund de la pole such a problem?
Throne was insecure after death of Arthur (eldest son, 1502), Edmund (youngest son, 1500) and Elizabeth of York (wife, 1503) fear of foreign backed invasion played on his conscience
386
What were Henry VII's aims in Foreign Policy?
- maintaining good relations and defence to ensure national security - recognition of the Tudor Dynasty - protect English trading interests. - Wanted to avoid another Hundred Year War.
387
What was Henry VII not interested in regarding his foreign policy?
- asserting England as a power in Europe
388
Which truce happened in 1488?
- the Anglo-French Truce
389
What happened in 1487?
- French invasion of Brittany by Charles III
390
What Treaty occurred in 1489?
- Treaty of Redon between England and Brittany
391
What was the Treaty of Redon?
- Agreed that Anne would pay for a small English army (6000 troops) to defend Brittany from French threat
392
Why did Henry VII feel strongly towards Brittany?
- Felt a sense of obligation towards the Bretons as he had been exiled there in his youth. - Feared direct French control of Brittany would pose a greater threat to England.
393
What consequences of the Treaty of Redon did Henry fear and what did he do to combat this?
- worried his support for Brittany would anger the French - Henry needed allies against French power - Treaty Medina del Campo signed with Spain
394
What Treaty was also signed in 1489 regarding Spain?
Treaty of Medina del Campo
395
What were the Medina del campo terms?
- Agreed neither side would harbour rebels or pretenders. - Both states would help each other to defend themselves. - Customs duties would be reduced. - Neither side would sign any Treaty with the French without the agreement of the other. - Marriage negotiations would take place between Arthur and Catherine.
396
What did the treaty of Medina del Campo achieve?
- Treaty gained security (an ally and prevention of Spain as a Yorkist stronghold) and financial gain.
397
What marriage happened in 1491?
- 1491- Anne of Brittany marries Charles VIII
398
What were the effects of Anne of Brittany marrying Charles VIII?
- Leaves English troops stranded and Henry VII looking weak.
399
What did Henry do with troops stranded after marriage?
- He invaded France (Boulogne) in the October of 1492 with a limited number of troops (having raised money by parliament) - Charles, eager to invade Italy, sought peace, which resulted in the Treaty of Etaples 1492. He agreed to pay Henry a pension of 745 000 gold crowns and swore not to support any rebels like Warbeck or the de la Poles
400
What were the terms of the Treaty of Etaples?
- Charles agreed to pay Henry a pension of 745,000 crowns - promised not to support pretenders
401
How did Henry VII secure the money to invade France?
- through parliament and extraordinary revenue
402
On which two occasions did Henry VII raise revenue through extraordinary measures for war?
- 1 - The Breton Crisis - 2 - War with Scotland
403
What did Henry achieve by invading Boulogne in 1492?
- peace - improved financial position - security against pretenders
404
How did he demonstrate to France he did not want a drawn out battle?
- invaded late on in the year, winter was harder to fight in. - Charles, eager to invade Italy, sought peace, which resulted in the Treaty of Etaples 1492.
405
What was the Treaty of Etaples?
- 1492 - He agreed to pay Henry a pension of 745 000 gold crowns, and swore not to support any rebels like Warbeck or the de la Poles - This achieved peace, improved financial positions and security against pretenders.
406
Where did Henry's power extent to in Ireland?
- The Pale district
407
Who was the dominant figure in Ireland?
- Earl of Kildare
408
Why was the earl of Kildare feared by Henry?
- he had Yorkist sympathies
409
How was the fear of Kildare's Yorkist sympathies supported?
- When he crowned Lambert Simnel king of Ireland in 1486 and supporting Perkin Warbeck in 1491.
410
What did Kildare's actions of supporting pretenders force Henry to do?
- nstead of relying on the established aristocracy who were cheap and unreliable, he attempted the more costly approach of rile through an Englishman - appointed Henry VIII as Luitenant of Ireland and Poynings and his deputy
411
What happened in 1496 in Ireland?
- Kildare decided that there was no benefit in supporting Yorkists anymore, so decided to be loyal to Henry
412
What happened in 1493?
- England establishes a trade embargo with Burgundy
413
Who is Margaret of Burgundy?
- Widowed duchess of Burgundy and sister to Richard III and Edward IV.
414
Why was trade embargo with Burgundy established?
- Margaret of Burgundy was a strong supporter of Warbeck (gave him 2,000 mercenaries to aid his battle against English)
415
What were the negative effects of trade embargo?
- Most of England's exports go through ports in the Netherlands (Antwerp, Bruges) which are under Burgundy's jurisdiction. - Therefore establishing a trade embargo with Burgundy sacrifices the commercial success of London and east coast merchants making him v unpopular.
416
How is the Burgundy crisis dealt with?
- Relations improved after Warbeck leaves burgundy- agree to Magnus Intercursus in 1496 - Henry loses popularity but gains strength due without completely sacrificing the English economy.
417
What was the Intercursus Magnus?
- 1496 - ended trade embargo
418
What does Scotland do to antagonise England?
- 1496- Scotland invades England - King James IV came of age and offered hospitality to Warbeck - Warbeck stayed in court for 2 years and married the king's cousin, making him more legitimate. James encouraged Warbeck to take an army to England.
419
Why was the intercursus magnus signed?
- Margaret of Burgundy's influence faded (she was threatened with the removal of her dowager lands if she did not stop supporting English rebels) -r ealised that this embargo was helping nobody - Phillip of Burgundy was keen to secure English help against France
420
When did Scotland invade England?
- 1496.
421
Who did Warbeck marry to become more legitimate?
- married the king's cousin Lady Catherine Gordon
422
How did Henry respond to Scottish antagonism?
- With a larger army to invade Scotland. In the interests of both England and Scotland to secure a truce (England can't risk an Auld alliance and war on two fronts) - 1497- Truce of Ayton between England and Scotland
423
What was the Truce of Ayton?
- 1497 - Relations improve - James IV no longer has any use of Warbeck and he is executed in 1499
424
When was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace?
- 1502
425
What did the treaty of perpetual peace mean?
- James should marry Henry's daughter Margaret
426
When was Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon
- 1501
427
What were the problems with marriage alliance?
- Marriage arrangement did not go smoothly- Ferdinand did not want to marriage to go ahead while dynasty was threatened by Warbeck. - Argued over Catherine's dowry.
428
When was the death of Prince Arthur?
- 1502 of sweating sickness
429
What were the effects of death of price Arthur?
- Causes further complications with relationship with ferdinand - Henry initially wanted Catherine to marry his second son Henry - Henry lost interest after the death of Queen Isabella of Castile in 1504 and the resultant succession struggle between Ferdinand and Philip and Juana.
430
When was the Death of Queen Isabella of Castille
- 1504
431
What happened in 1506?
- Juana and her husband set sail for Spain but are Shipwrecked in England.
432
What happens because of this shipwreck?
- Henry takes advantage of this. - Chooses to side with Juana - Sign treaty of Windsor to secure strong relationship and restore trade with Burgundy through Intercursus Malus
433
What was the Treaty of Windsor?
- this was signed to secure a strong relationship and restore trade with Burgundy through the Intercursus Malus - Signed due to the shipwreck
434
What is the Intercursus Malus?
- 1506 - - Trade was restored to benefit England. Burgundy is to return the Earl of Suffolk (Edmund De La Pole) and proposed marriage between Henry VII and Philip's sister Archduchess Margaret (although doesn't happen).
435
What are the consequences of the death of Philip of Burgundy?
- Ferdinand becomes regent of Castile - Ferdinand refuses to approve of marriage between Catherine and Henry while Henry VII lives (although it happens when he dies) - This is because Henry backed Juana over him, so the alliance they had made was broken.
436
What happened to Juana in 1506?
- Her husband, Phillip of Burgundy, died which is said to have left her 'wrecked with grief'. - This meant that she was no longer an ally to Henry and her power was given to Ferdinand.
437
Evaluation the late Spanish Policy.
- Henry has arguably had bad luck, as his success has fallen due to the death of Phillip. - However, this could not have been predicted but leaves Henry politically isolated.
438
When did Henry VII die?
- 1509
439
Why did Charles VIII lead an invasion into Italy?
- He had a (weak) claim to Naples, and controlling this became his priority in the 1490s. - This is one of the reasons he created the Treaty of Etaples in 1492.
440
What coalition formed against Charlies and what were they called?
- the 'Holy League' or 'League of Venice' this included Ferdinand and Maximillian
441
When did England join this coalition and why?
- 1496 - Henry wanted to counter-balance the power of France
442
What was Henry exempt from?
- Henry was made exempt from financial and military obligations. This meant he did not have to pay or send soldiers.
443
Why was Henry being exempt from financial and military obligations a good and a bad thing?
- good - he allowed his economy to sustain itself and not go into debt raising revenue for the war - bad - he had less power and was not respected as much as the other members of the coalition.
444
What did the League of Venice eventually achieve?
- The League did eventually force Charles out of Italy - He died soon after having pushed France into enormous debt due to his campaigning.
445
Who was in the league of Cambrai? When was it active?
- 1508-1510. it was an alliance of; Pope Julius II, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian I, Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II or Aragon.
446
What was the League of Cambrai's aim?
- supposedly their aim was against the Turks, but it was actually to attack the republic of Venice and divide its possessions amongst the allies.
447
Why did the League of Cambrai's aim fail?
- this aim failed as each ruler was too focused on securing their own ambitions.
448
What is the one major flaw in the league of Cambrai for Henry VII?
- He wasn't in it! - This showed that he had become politically isolated himself in his later life.
