Henry VIII including Society

Question 1

What social change was there to the gentry?

Answer 1

• “Gentility” was often acquired as a result of the proceeds of office, profession or business
• Knighthood = a sign of royal favour, assumed a knight would possess an outcome reflecting his status - about 5000 families
• Decreased from 375 knights in Henry VII’s reign to 200 in Henry VIII’s
• JPs increased
• Laymen roles generated income, bringing about landownership and gentry status

Question 2

What was the structure of the gentry?

Answer 2

• More JPs participated in local administration - Members of the gentry drawn into unpaid administration on behalf of the crown
• Increasingly keen on sons acquiring legal training, allowing them to be better able to take on roles on the basis of local advancement
• Crown’s local administrators more likely to be laymen than clergymen

Question 3

What was the nobility like under Henry VIII?

Answer 3

• Peerage increased under him, but by 1547, there were only 9 more peers of the realm - this was due to titles dying out and Acts of Attainder
• New peerages created through family relationships to the king, like Thomas Seymour, or through service at court/military - Henry created two new non-royal dukedoms, Norfolk and Suffolk
• Suffolk’s promotion was due to his close relationship with Henry, which was criticised by Erasmus
• Henry used the peerage and granting of lands to secure his throne, for example, John (Baron Russell) was given land in Devon after the execution of the Marquis of Exeter

Question 4

What were commoners like under Henry VIII?

Answer 4

• Little change in the first half of the reign - However, with the rise of inflation and the imposition of the Amicable Grant 1525, there was opposition from common folk
• The social structure stayed the same
• Commoners owned little and ran the risk of employment instability
• There were few rebellions but social order could break down in certain areas

Question 5

What was social order like on the Anglo-Welsh border?

Answer 5

• Lands were governed as part of the Principality of Wales along with the 4 bordering English counties, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, which came under the jurisdiction of the Council of Wales and the Marches, which was based at Ludlow, Shropshire
• This offered relatively cheap and local access to the law and could therefore be seen as a benefit to the area under its jurisdiction

Question 6

What was social order like on the Anglo-Scottish border?

Answer 6

• Remained a problematic area - border was hard to police as much of it was remote and inhospitable in the winter months
• Both sides of border had a reputation for lawlessness - cattle and sheep rustling were rife and violence common - To deal with such problems, the border with Scotland was split into 3 marches, each under the jurisdiction of a warden - filling these posts could be difficult as use of a local noble family would run the risk of them exploiting their office to enhance their own power at the King’s expense - Henry had little time for such border magnate families as the Percies and the Dacres
• The other option was to appoint local officers from the gentry class (e.g. Thomas, Lord Wharton, recently raised to the peerage from humble origins in 1542) or those who were complete outsiders - These two groups were more likely to have complete loyalty to the king, but they had limited ability to influence the conduct of a local people who often saw themselves as owing a primary loyalty to a local magnate

Question 7

What regional issues were there in Wales?

Answer 7

• Before 1536, Wales was a separate territory but under English control
• The Tudors were a Welsh family
• It comprised of marcher (border) lordships and the principality of Wales
• It had neither a single unified administrator or formal political link with England
• Henry VIII wanted to change this

Question 8

When was the Laws in Wales Act?

Answer 8

1536

Question 9

What did the Laws in Wales Act do?

Answer 9

• Divided Wales into shire counties which operated on the same basis as the English counterparts - Gave the Welsh shires direct representation in the House of Commons at Westminster for the first time
• Brought Wales into the same legal framework as England
• Wales became incorporated into England with little of a separate identity apart from the survival of the Welsh language in some parts of the country
• Control over Wales exercised on the Crown’s behalf by members of the aristocracy, and members of an anglicised Welsh gentry controlling county politics were elected to Parliament, becoming increasingly prominent within the legal profession

Question 10

Which three English counties were palatinates?

Answer 10

Lancashire, Cheshire and Durham

Question 11

What is a palatinate?

Answer 11

Where a county had its own jurisdiction from the rest of the kingdom

Question 12

What were the realities of the palatinateships of Lancashire, Cheshire and Durham?

Answer 12

• In reality, Lancashire and Cheshire were dominated by the Crown
• Durham was still technically under the Bishop of Durham

Question 13

When was the Act of Resuming Liberties to the Crown?

Answer 13

1536

Question 14

What did the Act of Resuming Liberties to the Crown do?

Answer 14

Stripped the Bishop of most of his powers, although he was still able to operate some courts This change can be seen as evolutionary rather than revolutionary

Question 15

What was the Council in the North?

Answer 15

• Controlling the North created problems for Henry, particularly after his religious changes
• In 1536, the Council of the North was re-established as a permanent body in York with a professional staff - useful in 1549

Question 16

What minor societal changes were made under Wolsey?

Answer 16

• Dissolved some redundant monasteries, using their endowments for educational purposes
• No one would have predicted the destruction of Catholic England

Question 17

How popular were the religious changes in Henry’s society?

Answer 17

• In the 1530s Henry broke with Rome and became head of a new English Church - A small minority of people undoubtedly welcomed the religious change but there was no groundswell of popular support for the changes - There were executions of some who denied the royal supremacy, e.g. Sir Thomas More

Question 18

How was the dissolution of the monasteries perceived in society?

Answer 18

• Cromwell’s dissolution of monasteries began in 1536 and his 1536 Royal Injunctions attacked many traditional Catholic practices, e.g. Holy days, pilgrimages and the veneration of relics - This provoked fears that these reforms might accompany an attack on parish churches - A major rebellion broke out in the autumn of 1536 in Lincolnshire and parts of North England; this became known as the Pilgrimage of Grace

Question 19

What were the land loss consequences of religious upheaval?

Answer 19

• A huge amount of land was removed from the Church and taken by the Crown - This theoretically should have made the king more powerful, however, the expense of the warlike foreign policy of Henry’s final years led to the widespread sale of Church and monastic property, often at knock-down prices - This thereby increased both the size and wealth of the landholding gentry - By 1547 almost 2/3 of the monastic land acquired by the Crown had been sold off or granted away

Question 20

What were the consequences for schools of religious upheaval?

Answer 20

• Many monasteries had been noted for their educational provision - With their demise, most monastic schools were lost also

Question 21

What were the consequences for monks and nuns of religious upheaval?

Answer 21

• Many monks and nuns were rendered unemployed at a stroke - Some monks were able to secure employment as secular priests and many others received pensions - The position of nuns was very precarious

Question 22

What were the consequences for monastery unemployment of religious upheaval?

Answer 22

• Some monasteries played a very considerable role in their communities, providing employment and business opportunities - Some major monastic churches, such as Durham, were the cathedrals of their dioceses - Many others doubled up as the local parish church - Dissolution was seen as a potential disaster and some communities went to considerable lengths to try to protect their monasteries

Question 23

What were the main reasons for rebellion during Henry’s reign?

Answer 23

• Money/taxation - the Amicable Grant 1525 - Religion - the Reformation 1534 - defence of faith and dissolution of the monasteries - Food shortages and agrarian issues - poor harvests 1533-36 and enclosures - Opposition to Cromwell’s policies - saw it as an attack of the North - Aristocratic feuds - uprising planned by gentry in order to increase their power - also angry at the position of Anne Boleyn and Cromwell

Question 24

What region of England was most discontented with the Reformation?

Answer 24

• Opposition to the Reformation was nationwide, but there was a big variation in the regional reactions to the changes Henry imposed - The North were the most unhappy with the changes and led the two major rebellions, which combined were the biggest in Tudor history

Question 25

What were the two major rebellions of Henry's reign?

Answer 25

- The Lincolnshire Rising - The Pilgrimage of Grace

Question 26

When was the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Answer 26

8th October 1536 - 8th December 1536

Question 27

Where did the Pilgrimage of Grace begin?

Answer 27

In the East Riding of Yorkshire

Question 28

Who led the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Answer 28

Robert Aske

Question 29

What were the causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Answer 29

1. Dissolution of the monasteries - it was clear that the dissolution of monasteries would have a number of undesirable effects, including loss of charitable and educational functions which some monasteries provided and possible loss of parish churches to monastic properties 2. Fear for parish churches and religious practices 3. Poverty - poverty protests signed by "Captain Poverty"

Question 30

How did rebels show their dedication to religion?

Answer 30

- Used religious imagery - Wore badges of the 5 wounds of Christ - Called themselves "Christ's soldiers" - Took oaths to the movement

Question 31

What were the consequences of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Answer 31

- It shook Henry - His own dealing with the rebellion was poor - he ignored warnings about the increase in resentment which he did not wish to hear - He was fortunate that the Duke of Norfolk showed common sense and flexibility in commanding the army which suppressed the rebellion on the issue of a pardon and the promise of dissolved monasteries being restored and a free parliament established (promises Henry did not plan on honouring) - The rebellion did not slow the pace of religious change despite its severity

Question 32

When was the Lincolnshire Rising?

Answer 32

1st October 1536 - 11th October 1536

Question 33

What were the causes of the Lincolnshire Rising?

Answer 33

- 3 government officials were working on dissolving smaller monasteries, collecting subsidy, inspecting the clergy and enforcing new laws - Rumours started that they were after much more - gold, jewels, plate and extra taxes

Question 34

What happened in the Lincolnshire Rising?

Answer 34

- The rising started in Louth on 1st October, moving across the country to Lincoln - Grew to include gentry, priests and even armed monks - 10,000 people joined together and several lists of articles/grievances were drawn up

Question 35

Who led the Lincolnshire Rising?

Answer 35

Nicholas Melton, a shoemaker who called himself "Captain Cobbler"

Question 36

How was the Lincolnshire Rising suppressed?

Answer 36

- The Duke of Suffolk's army arrived and the rebels dispersed - The gentry ran for cover and sought forgiveness and the commons collapsed into confusion - Few rebels who remained were sent home when the Government's Herald arrived on 11th October

Question 37

Define Reformation

Answer 37

A movement in Europe at the start of the 16th century that reformed that changed the Catholic church and its problems to establish a newly reformed Protestant Church

Question 38

Define 'The Break With Rome'

Answer 38

- removed the power of the Pope in England - the technical and legal change in the status of the English Church

Question 39

Define 'Divorce'

Answer 39

- A statement used to describe the end of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon - Divorce is not allowed, even today, in the Catholic Church

Question 40

Define 'Annulment'

Answer 40

- the term used to describe the divorce - an annulment states that the marriage was not legal in the first place - only the Pope has the power to grant this

Question 41

What are 4 criticism of the Catholic Church before the Reformation?

Answer 41

1 - Support fell for the Papacy 2 - Decline in respect for religious orders 3 - Criticism of images and pilgrimages 4 - Early problems of the Church (Pluralism, Absenteeism, Anti-clericalism and Lollards)

Question 42

What are 4 pieces of evidence that the Church was healthy before the reformation?

Answer 42

1 - There was significant support for Parish Churches, shown in the donations from wills 2 - Sacraments were still largely popular and supported 3 - Religious Guilds were still strongly supported 4 - Intercession still gained mass support and there were continued foundation of Chantry in England

Question 43

How did Henry use the Bible to support his annulment?

Answer 43

- He used the Old Testament, Leviticus Chapter 20 Verse 16 - Here it stated, "If a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an impurity; he hath uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall be childless (sonless)."

Question 44

How did Catherine of Aragon's supporters use the Bible to challenge the Annulment?

Answer 44

- Catherine used the book of Deuteronomy, which stated it was a man's duty to marry his brother's wife after his death and have children on his brother's behalf - Catherine's followers also argued that the Leviticus argument that Henry used was only applicable when a Brother was still alive

Question 45

What was William Tyndale's book?

Answer 45

'Obedience of a Christian Man'

Question 46

What was Simon Fish's book?

Answer 46

'Supplication of the Beggars'

Question 47

What was Christopher St Germaine's book?

Answer 47

'Doctor and Student'

Question 48

What did William Tydale argue?

Answer 48

He used evidence form the Old Testament to defend the power and authority of Kings in their own country; excluding 'foreign' powers such as the Pope

Question 49

What did Simon Fish argue?

Answer 49

He argued against the 'greedy and over-fed clerics'

Question 50

What did Chrisopher St Germain Argue?

Answer 50

He emphasised the role of the State in controlling the Church, thus acknowledging Henry VIII's right to govern the Church in England

Question 51

What was the Charge of Preamunire and what year did this happen?

Answer 51

- 1530 - This was a law banning the support of the Pope in England - Henry charged 15 of the upper clergy with supporting Wolsey's abuse of power against the King

Question 52

What was the Supplication of the Ordinaries and what year did this happen?

Answer 52

- 1532 - It was a petition calling the King to deal with the abuses and corruption of the clergy - This led Cromwell to be invited to join Henry's inner circle

Question 53

What was the Act for Submission of the Clergy and what year did this happen?

Answer 53

- 1532 - This was a document giving him power to veto Church laws and to choose bishops (even if not approved by Rome)

Question 54

What was the Act of Annates and what year did this happen?

Answer 54

- 1532 - Despite opposition, parliament passed and act preventing the payment of Annates to Rome, suspended for 1 year.

Question 55

What was the Act of Restraint of Appeals and what year did this happen?

Answer 55

- 1533 - This was passed by parliament denying Henry's subject's the right to appeal to the Pope against the decision in English Church Courts - This effectively prevented Catherine of Aragon from seeking Pope arbitration when the divorce case came before the courts

Question 56

What was the Act of Supremacy and when did this happen?

Answer 56

- 1534 - This acknowledged the King as the head of the Church and any denial of royal supremacy was counted as treason punishable by death - This was the final removal of Papal power in England

Question 57

What was the Treason Act and when did this happen?

Answer 57

- 1534 - This was used to enforce the Act of Supremacy - denial of royal supremacy was punishable by death - Denial could be through deed, act or spoken word

Question 58

What was the First Act of Succession and what year did this happen?

Answer 58

- 1534 - Declared the marriage to Catherine invalid and therefore made Mary illegitimate - Succession to the throne was now going to be the children of Henry VII and Anne Boleyn - The whole nation was to swear an oath to observe the Act of Succession, to deny succession was treasonable - This act led to the downfall of Thomas More

Question 59

What was the Act for First Fruits and Tenths and when did this happen?

Answer 59

- 1534 - Clerical taxes were to go to the King and not the Pope

Question 60

What were 5 reasons that Henry decided upon the dissolution of the monasteries?

Answer 60

1 - It reduced the opponents to the break from Rome (especially Franciscans and Carthusians) 2 - Henry didn't like monasteries being dedicated to outside of England (the 'imperial idea') 3 - Financial motives - the church had huge financial resources and there was a concern for a Catholic crusade 4 - Patronage and greed - the dissolution brought great wealth to Henry 5 - Continental influence - the same was being done in Germany

Question 61

How did the Act of First Fruits and Tenths help dissolve the monasteries?

Answer 61

- Allowed Henry to tax the Church - These taxes were previously paid to the Church and Pope when someone was appointed (first fruit) and then a tenth of their income after that yearly

Question 62

How did the Act of Supremacy help Henry get rid of the monasteries?

Answer 62

It gave Henry the power to supervise and reform all religious establishments in England

Question 63

What did Cromwell do in 1535 to close monasteries?

Answer 63

- Sent out commissioners to survey the value of monastic lands and properties to produce a report, the 'Valour Eccesiaticus' (value of the church) - He also sent out a second set of commissioners to investigate the moral and spiritual standards in monasteries

Question 64

What was the Act for the Dissolution of Smaller Monasteries and when did this happen?

Answer 64

- 1536 - It was based on Cromwell's findings and closed all religious houses with lands valued under £200 a year - New commissioners were sent out to supervise this, but this triggered the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire rebellion

Question 65

What happened in 1536-37 to aid the closure of the monasteries?

Answer 65

The opposition of the Carthusian Monks to the dissolution of their establishments led to their execution by Henry

Question 66

What was the Act of Dissolution of Larger Monasteries and what year did this happen?

Answer 66

- 1539 - This act extended the closure to all religious houses except chantries (which were small private chapels in which prayers were said for the souls of dead)

Question 67

What was established in 1540 and what did this aim to do?

Answer 67

- the Court of Augmentations - Richard Rich was the Chancellor - aimed to handle the property and income from the dissolved monasteries

Question 68

What was the impact of closing monasteries on Monastic buildings

Answer 68

- Henry was charged with cultural vandalism for destroying Gothic buildings and books - Henry invested some of the money into education, creating new cathedral schools in Canterbury, Carlisle, Bristol and Chester - Christ Church Oxford and Trinity College Cambridge were established

Question 69

What was the impact of closing monasteries on Monks and Friars?

Answer 69

- The majority found alternative jobs in the church - 6500/8000 moved on with their pension

Question 70

What was the impact of closing monasteries on Nuns?

Answer 70

2000 nuns were not allowed to marry or become priests

Question 71

What was the impact of closing monasteries on the poor?

Answer 71

- There was a detrimental effect upon an already worsening problem - however Dickens argues in 'The English Reformation','the theory that the suppression of the monasteries had a major cause of urban decay has nothing to commend it'

Question 72

What was the impact of closing monasteries on Henry's profit?

Answer 72

- Henry was charged with squandering wealth - May 1543, there was a rush to sell land with all the profit going on wars with Scotland and France - Just over 1/2 of monastic lands remained in his possession until 1547, showing he wasn't completely reckless - 1547 - the Crown made £800,000 from sales and saved harsh taxation

Question 73

How much had Crown income grown by by 1540?

Answer 73

By 1540, Crown income had doubled from 120,000 to £250,000 Per Annum

Question 74

What did the reselling of Monastic land value at?

Answer 74

£1.3 million

Question 75

What position was Thomas Cromwell given in 1531?

Answer 75

1531 - a place King's Royal Council

Question 76

What position was Thomas Cromwell given in 1532?

Answer 76

1532 - Master of the King's Jewels, giving him access to the King's private rooms in the palace

Question 77

What position was Thomas Cromwell given in 1533?

Answer 77

1533 - Chancellor of the Exchequer and Master of the Rolls, leading roles in the legal system

Question 78

What position was Thomas Cromwell given in 1535?

Answer 78

1535 - Vicar General (created for Cromwell), gave him the power to institute Church reform

Question 79

What position was Thomas Cromwell given in 1536?

Answer 79

1536 - Lord Privy Seal and Principle Secretary of the Royal Council, also became a Baron

Question 80

What position was Thomas Cromwell given in 1540?

Answer 80

1540 - Lord Great Chamberlain and Earl of Essex

Question 81

What did Thomas Cromwell do to aid the annulment?

Answer 81

- He took over from Wolsey in management of the divorce - Between 1532 and 1536, he devised a strategy for the divorce and drafted a series of Acts that destroyed the power of Rome - He created the Church of England and gave Henry unprecedented power and status as a monarch

Question 82

Who did Thomas Cranmer replace within the Church?

Answer 82

- Archbishop Warham in 1532 - Henry asked for his replacement to be Cranmer despite him not having a role within the Church

Question 83

What was Archbishop Cranmer's role and why did Henry appoint him?

Answer 83

- Archbishop of Canterbury - Henry chose him to put pressure on the Pope to allow his divorce and also saw advantages of having a supporter as a key English Churchman

Question 84

What did Cranmer do to help the reformation?

Answer 84

- authorised the much desired royal divorce after the 1533 Act of Restraint and Appeals prohibited Catherine from appealing to the Pope

Question 85

Name 4 key people/groups that opposed Henry VIII's changes

Answer 85

- John Fisher - Carthusian Monks - Elizabeth Baron - Thomas More

Question 86

Why and how did John Fisher oppose Henry?

Answer 86

- He believed the powers of the Pope were God-given - He also believed that denial of Pope supremacy was sinful - He opposed by being a close friend with HRE Charles V's active ambassador in England and urging for a direct armed intervention from Charles V - His threat level is shown by his immediate execution

Question 87

Why and how did Carthusian Monks oppose Henry?

Answer 87

- They followed strict Catholic religious orders - 1532- 33 they refused to accept the divorce - 1534 - resisted government pressure to agree a declaration against the power of the Pope - they had large numbers but many were placed in prisons with poor conditions

Question 88

Why and how did Elizabeth Baron oppose Henry?

Answer 88

- She had visions of the Virgin Mary against Anne Boleyn - She rallied against the King in person when he visited Canterbury - She was executed with 5 of her followers, with this execution being considered a 'political necessity'

Question 89

Why and how did Thomas More oppose Henry?

Answer 89

- More was a devout Catholic, even when appointed Lord Chancellor - He resigned his post after the Submission of the Clergy - Also refused to take the Oath of Succession (recognising Mary as illegitimate) and was therefore executed

Question 90

What 3 different forms of opposition were there?

Answer 90

- Open challenge - Remaining loyal to Catholicism (continuing practices) - Only acting upon government changes when forced to do so

Question 91

Why were the key reasons that there was a lack of opposition to the Reformation in England?

Answer 91

- The unclear end result - Fear of government actions - Many ordinary people did not notice the changes

Question 92

How was the Law of Treason (1534) used to suppress opposition to the Reformation?

Answer 92

This Act (1534) made it treasonable to: - attempt the death of the King, Queen or heir by malicious act - to call the King (words or writing) 'heretic', 'tyrant', 'infidel' or 'usurper'. - to seize royal castles, ships, ordnance or munitions People would be killed violently to create fear

Question 93

How was Royal Correspondence used to suppress opposition to the Reformation?

Answer 93

- Cromwell used JPs to send letters to him of those in their district that were still supporting the Pope - on 3rd April 1535, he wrote to bishops ordering the clergy to preach royal supremacy - he followed this up with a command to sheriffs to ensure that Bishops carried out this duty

Question 94

How was propaganda used to suppress opposition to the Reformation?

Answer 94

- Using the printing press, large scale propaganda was produced - this was easy to read and understand for common people - it expressed new laws and reasoning behind changes - It was distributed throughout the country

Question 95

How were Oaths used to suppress opposition to the Reformation?

Answer 95

- They were used to test an individuals religious and political commitment - Government made an enormous effort to get all important men to swear the first Act of Succession oath

Question 96

What was the Lincolnshire Rising?

Answer 96

- Sunday 1st October - After rumours that Henry's men were on their way to demolish churches and steal the town's silver the town's vicar, Thomas Kendall, led people to barricade themselves for the Church's protection - Nicholas Melton led the movement and it manages to capture Lincoln Cathedral and involve the Gentry - They requested several things, but Henry sent the Duke of Suffolk to deal with the rising - As soon as it is clear that the rebellion can go no further, the gentry refused to lead any further and the rebellion collapsed

Question 97

Summarise the causes Pilgrimage of Grace

Answer 97

- 16th October 1536 - The rising was inspired by the recent events in Lincolnshire - The rebels called themselves 'pilgrims' and created the rising to protect Almighty God, his fiath and the Holy Church from reformation

Question 98

Summarise the events of the Pilgrimage of Grace

Answer 98

- A lawyer named Robert Aske led several thousand men into York taking the city unopposed - They wore badges and carried banners depicting the five wounds suffered by Christ at his crucifixion - Members of the gentry were recruited to the rising, some joining out of shared conviction that Henry's reforms were going to far - The pilgrims captured Pontefract castle and its defender Lord Darcy to their side

Question 99

What were the consequences/actions of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Answer 99

- Aske and his followers stood down and drew up some requests, asking mainly for the reestablishment of the monasteries, Mary to be legitimate and a parliament to be held at York or Nottingham - The Duke of Norfolk promised to take these to the King but got nothing but empty promises - In January 1567, a new rebellion led by Sir Francis Biggert started which gave Henry and excuse to punish the North for the PoG - The Duke of Norfolk was sent to pacify the region and 178 people were executed - Aske was charged with raising the rebellion and was hanged in York on the 12th July 1537

Question 100

What evidence was there that the Pilgrimage of Grace was a threat?

Answer 100

- The scale of the rebellion - 40,000 men - Cromwell was less powerful after this, falling in 1540 - The rebellion spread over 6 states in the North - It involved the Gentry and other people in power such as the Duke of Norfolk - Henry did implement some more conservative measures in the Bishops Book after the rebellion

Question 101

What evidence is there that the rebellion was not a threat?

Answer 101

- The dissolution of the monasteries continued to happen, and worsened in 1539 - Henry did not have to use much force, first only giving a pardon - Cromwell survived the attack and continued in power for 3 more years - Henry's promises never happened and the reformation continued

Question 102

What are 3 signs that England was still Catholic upon the death of Henry?

Answer 102

- Six Articles Act of 1539 - The fall of Cromwell in 1540, and his replacement the Pro-Catholic Conservative faction - The main doctrines in the English Church remained Catholic

Question 103

What were the signs that England was Protestant upon Henry's death?

Answer 103

- Cranmer remained Archbishop of Canterbury and survived attempts by the conservative faction to discredit him - Catherine Parr, Henry's last wife was also interested in reformist ideas - The country remained entirely separated from the Pope's control, with English bibles being available and the worshipping of Saints being reduced significantly

Question 104

What was the 6 Articles Act and what year did this happen?

Answer 104

- 1539 - This brought a temporary end to the gradual process of introducing Protestant beliefs - It enforced Catholic beliefs upon: - Eucharist (bread and wine become Jesus) - Communion (bread was only for the laity) - Seven Sacraments essential for salvation - The need for Priests to remain celibate

Question 105

Which doctrines remained Catholic at Henry's death?

Answer 105

- still a belief in Transubstantiation and Eucharist - all 7 Catholic sacraments remained in force - confession remained an essential part of devotion - Clergy could not marry

Question 106

Which doctrines of the Church of England had elements of Protestantism?

Answer 106

- Cranmer introduced English elements into services - The Great Bible of 1539 was introduced to replace the Latin version as an authorised English translation - There was much less emphasis on Saints and the laity were forbidden to go on pilgrimages to worship saints - Saints days reduced to 25

Question 107

Why was it difficult to define the religion in England upon Henry's death in 1547?

Answer 107

1 - Ordinary people left no record of what they believed as many were illiterate. Even if they did, at this time there was no clear 'Catholic' or 'Protestant' side, just conflicting ideas 2 - Many people who accepted Henry as the head of the Church were not enthusiastic for Protestantism, so we cannot accurately see how strong the belief was at his death 3 - Many people who had adhered to the change welcomed the reversion back to Catholicism in Mary's reign 4 - There had been many Catholic squabbles previously in history so people of this time didn't know the extent of change or what the final result would be

Question 108

When was William Tyndale's Bible burnt?

Answer 108

- 1530 - This was seen as an attack against heresy

Question 109

When were the Clergy accused of Praemunire?

Answer 109

- December 1530 - This attacked the power of the Catholic church through ecclesiastical courts in England.

Question 110

Why is the Convocation of Canterbury significant in terms of religious event?

Answer 110

- He was one of the first to recognise Henry as Head of the Church 'so far as the law of Christ allows' - This marked how far the Church was willing to go in allowing Henry more power.

Question 111

Were annulments hard to obtain by the Pope?

Answer 111

- No - Louis XII of France had secured one - This tells us that Henry was not alone in his ideas

Question 112

Guy on the problems of Henry's annulment?

Answer 112

- 'much of Henry VIII's trouble sprang from his egoism'

Question 113

How much money did Henry gain from the dissolution of the monasteries?

Answer 113

- £1.3million from 1536-47

Question 114

How much of monastic lands were in the Crown's hands by 1547?

Answer 114

- only around 1/3 of monastic property wsa left in crown lands by 1547

Question 115

What was the affect of the dissoluion of the monasteries on the clergy?

Answer 115

- 7000 were dispossessed - abbots disappeared from the house of Lords

Question 116

What title was Henry's illegitimate son given in 1525? What does this show?

Answer 116

- Duke of Richmond - This highlights that Henry was worried about his lack of a male heir, potentially setting up his son to become king

Question 117

How many rebels were in the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Answer 117

- 40,000

Question 118

Who were the Lollards?

Answer 118

- these were followers of John Wycliffe - They condemned transubstantiation - wrote the first English bible

Question 119

What was Wolsey's background?

Answer 119

- Butcher's son - He was educated at Oxford University -Wolsey then entered the Church before his political career developed

Question 120

What was Wolsey's first major role?

Answer 120

A Royal almoner

Question 121

When did Wolsey become Chief Minister?

Answer 121

1513 - just before the end of the first French war.

Question 122

When did Wolsey become Lord Chancellor?

Answer 122

1515

Question 123

When was Wolsey made Cardinal of England by the Pope?

Answer 123

1516

Question 124

When was Wolsey made Papal Legate by the Pope?

Answer 124

1518

Question 125

What other church roles did Wolsey hold?

Answer 125

He appointed himself Bishop of Durham and Bishop of Winchester

Question 126

What was the importance of Chief Minister?

Answer 126

- In charge of government finances: taxes and spending - Day-to-day control of government: decision making and problem solving - Control of appointments to jobs in national, regional and local government

Question 127

What was the importance of Lord Chancellor?

Answer 127

- In charge of England's legal system: courts, laws, justice and punishments - In charge of the Court of Star Chamber - In charge of the Court of Chancery: could interfere with wills, inheritances and properties

Question 128

What was the Court of Star Chamber?

Answer 128

This Created by Henry VII with Sanction of parliament in 1487, and intended to end perversion of English justice by powerful nobles who used intimidation and bribery to win favourable verdicts in court cases. King Councillors sat as judges, more equitable & amenable to royal will.

Question 129

What is the Court of Chancery?

Answer 129

- The main court of law in England - Wolsey could oversee all cases in this court and he tried to use it to uphold 'fair justice' - It dealt with cases such as enclosure, contracts and things left in wills

Question 130

What was the main problem with the Court of Chancery?

Answer 130

It became overloaded with cases. This meant that many cases were not heard or had to be dismissed.

Question 131

What was the importance of the title of Cardinal?

Answer 131

Cardinal was a senior representative to the Pope in Rome. It put him in charge of taxation to the church, appointments to church jobs, and the church laws, courts and punishments

Question 132

What was the importance of the title of Papal Legate?

Answer 132

Papal Legate allowed the bearer to be the Pope in their country, giving Wolsey powers simulacra to the Pope in England which he would later attempt to use to his advantage. It was a rare title.

Question 133

What groups/who was opposed to Wolsey?

Answer 133

- Parliament - the nobility - the Boleyn faction - Duke of Buckingham - Earl of Surrey

Question 134

Why did parliament oppose Wolsey?

Answer 134

- His 'excessive' taxation angered the gentry of England - the nation was financially unable to sustain the war. - Wolsey had passed measures that took away benefit to landowners - actions against engrossing and enclosure. - The case of Richard Hunne also angered representatives.

Question 135

Why did the Boleyn faction oppose Wolsey?

Answer 135

- Religious differences - Wolsey was a Catholic and the Boleyn faction were staunch protestants. - Wolsey's ideas conflicted with that of Boleyn's (Abbess of Wilton) leading to a battle for influence.

Question 136

Why did the nobility dislike Wolsey?

Answer 136

- He was a butcher's son - "promoted beyond his station". New men were generally despised by the nobility. - Wolsey's power and influence were far greater than theirs, making him a career threat. - He passed measures which disadvantaged the nobility. Promoting new men, measures against engrossing, improving and encouraging the use of the court of star chamber, etc.

Question 137

When was a conciliar form of government in place?

Answer 137

1509 - 1514

Question 138

What factors were important in ending the conciliar form of government?

Answer 138

1 - Henry wasn't impressed by some of his Father's senior councillors not supporting a war in France 2 - Henry became more attuned to governing, asserting his right to control decision-making 3 - Henry surrounded himself with like-minded people who all believed in the 'old-guard' 4 - He became particularly impressed by Wolsey and his effective management of the French campaign

Question 139

Who were Henry VIII's 'minions'

Answer 139

A group of young courtiers who enjoyed Henry's personal favour

Question 140

What was Wolsey's method of dealing with 'the minions'?

Answer 140

- Eltham ordinances - Moved nobles who did not like him away as diplomats or war officials. - Took actions to weaken the influence of the nobility - Duke of Buckingham and Earl of Surrey.

Question 141

When were the Eltham Ordinances? What did they do?

Answer 141

January 1526, Wolsey wanted to reduce household expenditure and so reduced the number of Gentlemen in the Privy chamber - an area that he could not control

Question 142

What is the Groom of the Stool and what did Wolsey do to this role?

Answer 142

Groom of the Stool - the most intimate of the English Monarch's courtiers ( a lot of confidence was placed in this role) Wolsey replaced Sir William Compton with a more compliant Henry Norris.

Question 143

Why did Wolsey remain in Henry's favour?

Answer 143

- By holding the posts of Cardinal/Papal Legate and Chief Minister, he was the means through which Henry could control the Church - His multiple power bases = could effectively and quickly carry out what Henry wanted with little opposition, and also meant he had more opportunities, means and methods to act flexibly - It was in the interest of both Wolsey's masters that they support his power bases as long as their interests, aims and policies remained aligned.

Question 144

In what ways were Henry and the Pope aligned?

Answer 144

Through the defeat of heresy (especially Protestantism) and pro-Spanish, anti-French alliance

Question 145

What were Wolsey's methods in dealing with over powerful nobles? (4)

Answer 145

- Duke of Buckingham - Ordered him to London where he was arrested for treason and later executed. - Earl of Surrey - Forced onto the jury presiding over Buckingham's case, was forced to sign his friend's death warrant. - Minions - Eltham Ordinances moved them out of the ear of the king (privy chamber) and were replaced by pro-Wolsey nobles or not at all. - Some of the nobility were sent away as ambassadors to foreign courts or put in charge of elements of the military in times of war.

Question 146

Why could Wolsey not overcome the Boleyn faction?

Answer 146

Henry was "in love" with Boleyn. This infatuation and her manipulative denial to become Henry's mistress put Henry into her control, Wolsey being rather unable to do the same.

Question 147

Who was the Earl of Surrey?

Answer 147

Nobleman with wealth, lands and power. Was the nobilities favourite replacement for Wolsey - was respected and intellectual. Was forced to sign his friend's (the Duke of Buckingham) death warrant.

Question 148

What were Wolsey's legal reforms?

Answer 148

- Court of Star Chamber encouraged to use. The poor were given a voice to prosecute powerful nobles. This ensured an increased case-load from 12 cases a year to over 120. The result was the establishment of overflow courts.

Question 149

What did Wolsey do to the tax system?

Answer 149

Reformed it so it was now based on personal income known as the parliamentary subsidy. Before it was a fixed rate which didn't account for inflation.

Question 150

What were Wolsey's religious reforms?

Answer 150

- Wolsey reformed religious houses, closing those with fewer than 6 monks. - He reinstated benefit of the clergy where you only had to recite a psalm to prove you were a member of the church. This allowed you to be tried by church courts which were more lenient. - Wolsey actively moved against the protestant faction, encouraging book burning and the isolation of sympathisers. Executions were, however, not commonplace.

Question 151

What were Wolsey's reforms to government (vaguely proposed or completed)?

Answer 151

- Henry was in agreement with Wolsey to reform the state of government away from privy chamber amongst other measures. He did only change the privy chamber through the Eltham Ordinances.

Question 152

Who was Richard Hunne?

Answer 152

A London merchant who, when he registered his dead baby son for burial, was asked by the priest to pay for it not in money but by giving the insistent priest his baby's christening robes, which Hunne refused - causing the priest to sue Hunne in a church court. Hunne counter-sued, accusing the priest of Praemunire. Hunne was also caught sheltering a heretic and then was found dead in his cell (murdered)

Question 153

What is praemunire?

Answer 153

Allegiance to someone other than your king - in Wolsey's case it was serving the Pope instead of the King.

Question 154

What was Wolsey's involvement in the second French war?

Answer 154

Military treaties and peace settlements.

Question 155

How successful was Wolsey at raising tax for the second French war?

Answer 155

Unsuccessful. Initially he managed to raise a parliamentary subsidy of £230000 but upon request for a further £800000 he was rejected, leading to the amicable grant.

Question 156

What was the Amicable Grant?

Answer 156

Wolsey trying to avoid using parliament to collect a tax. It was an incredibly unpopular answer that sparked a revolt.

Question 157

How did Wolsey fail Henry in the second French war?

Answer 157

Failed to provide land or any spoils of war. He could not raise the money to invade France in its time of weakness and so no empire was gained. Henry's partition plan was also rejected.

Question 158

What was the result of the second French war?

Answer 158

Spain conquered northern Italy and gained extortionate amounts of money from the French monarchy. England gained nothing.

Question 159

Why did Wolsey have to seek an annulment?

Answer 159

Overly powerful within the Catholic Church- ruined future career prospects to annul the marriage himself or convert to protestantism

Question 160

What was Wolsey's domestic failure to bring about an annulment of Henry's marriage?

Answer 160

All proper proceedings were met but Cardinal Compaggio had been ordered by pope Leo X not to grant the annulment. He also refused to use his status as Papal Legate to pass the annulment.

Question 161

Why wouldn't the pope grant the annulment?

Answer 161

Under the control of Charles V who was the nephew of Catherine of Aragon - an insult to his family.

Question 162

What was the treaty of Westminster?

Answer 162

An agreement between England and France whereby England financially supported France to invade Charles V in Northern Italy to free the pope.

Question 163

What was Wolsey's foreign policy failure to achieve the annulment?

Answer 163

When the treaty of Westminster and the ensuing war did not end with the pope free from Charles V, meaning that an annulment would still not be granted.

Question 164

What battle ended the French attempt to free Italy from Charles V?

Answer 164

Landriano 1529

Question 165

What were Wolsey's domestic successes?

Answer 165

Legal and Church reforms. Reforms to enclosure and engrossing.

Question 166

What were Wolsey's domestic failures?

Answer 166

Collection of tax to finance wars.

Question 167

What caused Wolsey's downfall in 1529? (possible factors)

Answer 167

Failure in domestic and foreign policy Failure to please and serve the king. Failure to crush the Boleyn faction which grew too powerful.

Question 168

What is pluralism?

Answer 168

Holding more than one paid title within the Catholic Church.

Question 169

What is absenteeism?

Answer 169

Holding a paid office but not attending and fulfilling the associated duties.

Question 170

When did Henry VII die?

Answer 170

21st April 1509

Question 171

When was Henry VII proclaimed King of England?

Answer 171

23rd April 1509

Question 172

When did Henry VIII marry Catherine of Aragon?

Answer 172

11th June 1509

Question 173

When was Henry and Catherine's coronation?

Answer 173

24th June 1509

Question 174

How old was Henry VIII when he came to the throne?

Answer 174

It was two months before his eighteenth birthday.

Question 175

How many years had passed after the death of Arthur? What did Henry do in this time?

Answer 175

Seven years had passed since the death of Arthur, and in this time Henry had been preparing for his role as future king of England.

Question 176

What had been done to prepare Henry for the role of King?

Answer 176

- he was well read - well educated - had some acquaintance with the new learning of Humanism

Question 177

What did John Guy say about Henry's mind?

Answer 177

it was 'able but second rate'

Question 178

What was Henry's early impression and how did Eric Ives describe him?

Answer 178

The early impression Henry created was very positive and the modern historian Eric Ives describes Henry at this time as an 'extrovert, affable and charming'.

Question 179

How was Henry VII's accession seen after Henry VII?

Answer 179

Henry VIII's accession was welcomed as a breath of fresh air after the stultifying and rather sinister atmosphere associated with the influence of Empson and Dudley in the last years of his father's reign.

Question 180

What did the new king represent to Sir Thomas More?

Answer 180

'the end of slavery, the fount of our liberty, the end of sadness and the beginning of joy'.

Question 181

What did Henry have no experience in at the start of his reign?

Answer 181

Government or public affairs

Question 182

How did Henry VIII's version of kingship differ from his Father's?

Answer 182

- He had a profound dislike for the business of government - found the writing of state papers both tedious and painful

Question 183

What did Henry VIII's new role allow him to do and how did he use this?

Answer 183

His new role allowed him to intervene suddenly in the business of government, in the process contradicting decisions or actions which had already been taken.

Question 184

What did Henry VIII lack in his personality that Henry VII had? What did he do instead?

Answer 184

- Henry VIII lacked the work ethic that his many historians attributed to his Father. - He instead preferred to pass the time with good company. - This was evident in the courtly activities which followed his accession. - There was much emphasis on pageants, revelry, sports, hunting and tournaments

Question 185

Why did the structure of government change under Henry VIII?

Answer 185

Henry VIII was rarely directly involved with the business of government.

Question 186

What was there short-term emphasis on in Henry's government?

Answer 186

In the Short term, there was a renewed emphasis on governing through the council, which then made two comebacks at later stages of the reign (1529-32 and 1540-47)

Question 187

What else did Henry rely on to shape the structure of government?

Answer 187

- There were two periods in which Henry used chief ministers to meet his own needs. - The first of these was Thomas Wolsey, who was particularly adept at using the Star Chamber - The second was Thomas Cromwell, who developed his role as principal secretary

Question 188

What four things did Henry VIII receive from his father?

Answer 188

- money (believed to be around £300,000, and Henry VII was the only Tudor not to leave debt) - unpopular mechanisms for extracting money - a peaceful foreign policy - a conciliar form of government

Question 189

What did Henry VIII do to these four things at the start of his reign?

Answer 189

- the money inherited would disappear due to paying for the revival of a traditionally aggressive foreign policy towards France - The conciliar form of government would disappear due to the emergence of Fox's former protege, Thomas Wolsey, as the focus of the government.

Question 190

What big changes happened at the start of Henry VIII's reign?

Answer 190

Some members of the council were able to dispose of others and establish themselves in power.

Question 191

What did Richard Fox do at the start of Henry's reign and who was he assisted by?

Answer 191

Richard Fox, who was assisted by Thomas Lovell and Richard Weston, secured the arrest of Richard Empson and Edmond Dudley. Henry VIII wasn't involved in this, but was involved in the further decision to execute them.

Question 192

What happened to the Council Learned in Law when Henry became King?

Answer 192

It was abolished by an Act of Parliament in 1510.

Question 193

What else did Henry VIII do to distance himself from his Father's regime?

Answer 193

- cancelled many Bonds and Recognisance - abolished council learned - executed Empson + Dudley

Question 194

How did Henry VIII's new take on Kingship affect his status in England?

Answer 194

It ensured his own popularity amongst the nobility and propertied classes, who considered themselves the victims of Henry VIII's approach to taxation

Question 195

What were Henry VIII's key aims in the first years of his reign?

Answer 195

- to establish his status amongst European monarchs through marriage - to re-establish the role of the nobility - to establish himself as a warrior king through success in battle

Question 196

Why did Henry VIII want to marry Catherine of Aragon quickly?

Answer 196

He was worried that Catherine of Aragon had been unfairly treated after they couldn't wed before the death of Henry VII

Question 197

Why did Henry VIII's councillors want him to marry Catherine quite quickly?

Answer 197

As they believed it would deflect him from political matters, and allow them to continue with a concillar form of government as usual.

Question 198

Why was the marriage between Catherine and Arthur initially successful?

Answer 198

- Henry VIII found it successful on a personal level - Catherine also exercised some influence over policy making in the first few years.

Question 199

What problem became prominent by the mid 1520s?

Answer 199

Catherine of Aragon could never give Henry VIII a healthy male heir.

Question 200

What had Henry VII done with the nobility during his reign?

Answer 200

- the nobility was largely frozen out of direct political influence by Henry VII - Henry's peaceful foreign policy meant that they were denied their traditional outlet of the pursuit of military glory

Question 201

What did Henry VIII do with the nobility that differed from Henry VII?

Answer 201

- Henry VIII shared to nobility's taste for military glory - The nobility were generally young men who accompanied Henry in sports and revels - It was the nobility who accompanied Henry to war in Northern France, or the Marquis of Dorset or the Earl of Surrey to Scotland

Question 202

Why did the nobility not achieve the political domination they desired?

Answer 202

Henry chose to promote the interests of Thomas Wolsey, the Churchman who had organised the war in France on his behalf.

Question 203

Who was the Duke of Buckingham?

Answer 203

Buckingham, like Henry, was a descendant of King Edward III and the only English duke at the start of his reign

Question 204

Why was the Duke of Buckingham executed in 1521?

Answer 204

- he had been a cause of concern for Henry for a while as he was muttering about issues such as the succession - He was tried in court as any discussion to what may happen after the King's death could be treason - The duly found him guilty and quickly executed him; Wolsey was thought to be a key figure in his execution

Question 205

Why did Henry VIII quickly go to war with France?

Answer 205

- he wanted to break from his Father's foreign policy and pursuit military glory

Question 206

What did Henry gain (or not gain) by going to war with France?

Answer 206

A common theme throughout Henry's invasions; a vast amount of money was spent to gain a very small and insignificant amount of land.

Question 207

What did Henry VIII confusingly do throughout his foreign policy?

Answer 207

His bouts of aggression were mixed with occasional alliances with the French against the Spanish and the HRE, although Henry was never foolish enough to go to war directly with the powerful Charles V

Question 208

What were Henry's aims in foreign policy?

Answer 208

1 - Honour and glory 2 - To be internationally recognised as a warrior king 3 - To secure the Tudor dynasty 4 - Financial gains and security

Question 209

What was Henry's first action for foreign policy?

Answer 209

In 1510, he extended the Treaty of Etaples. However this was under the guidance of his councillors, it was clear that Henry had different ideas about foreign policy, and wanted a more aggressive approach

Question 210

When was the first French War, and why did Henry join this?

Answer 210

- 1512-1514 - Henry had an ancient claim, as King of England, to the French throne

Question 211

What happened in the first phase of the first French War?

Answer 211

- Henry acted under the guidance of his Father in Law, Ferdinand of Spain - He sent an expedition led by Marquis of Dorset to help the Spanish - This fleet was easily defeated, and one of Henry's closest friends (Admiral Edward Howard) was killed in a naval engagement

Question 212

What evidence is there that the first phase of the first French war was a failure?

Answer 212

- His fleet achieved nothing - He was used as a distraction whilst Ferdinand successfully conquered Navarre

Question 213

What happened in the second phase of the first French War?

Answer 213

- Was led by Thomas Wolsey - The king led 30,000 men from Dover to Calais, in an alliance with the HRE - The army advanced to Flanders and captured the fortress of Therouanne - Soon after this, the English successfully captured the French city of Tournai

Question 214

What was the 'Battle of the Spurs'?

Answer 214

- After the English captured Therouanne, the French sent a cavalry force to try and capture it back. - This was easily defeated by the English

Question 215

Was the 'Battle of the Spurs' a significant victory?

Answer 215

- Although it did give Henry some military glory, this battle is widely recognised as little more than a skirmish - Propaganda claimed it to be a stunning victory - Geoffrey Elton claims it as 'nothing more than a futile side show'

Question 216

What evidence is there that the second phase of the First French war was a success?

Answer 216

- Henry achieved military glory, one of his aims - Henry showed his strength as a warrior king by claiming victory over Tournai and Therouanne

Question 217

What evidence is there to suggest that the second phase of the FIrst French was was a failure?

Answer 217

- Therouanne was a more significant victory for Maximilian than the English, and it can be suggested that it benefited Maximilian more.

Question 218

What happened after the King left the first French war?

Answer 218

- The war continued, but proved costly, so there was pressure for peace. - Maximilian and Ferdinand settled their differences with the King of France

Question 219

What did Henry gain in the peace treaty signed after the first French war?

Answer 219

- England kept Tournai - France increased pension - Mary would marry Louis of France - Henry promised not to use the title 'King of France'

Question 220

What was the Battle of Flodden?

Answer 220

- September 1513 - King James IV of Scotland crossed the boarder with a considerable force, but was put down by a small army led by the Earl of Surrey and Catherine of Aragon. - James IV was killed, along with a significant number of the Scottish nobility. This left the infant James V on the throne - Henry VIII did little to build on the advantage of Flodden

Question 221

Why was nothing gained from Henry's military adventures of 1513?

Answer 221

- The war was costly, causing Henry to liquidate his father's inheritance - There was problems of the taxation in Yorkshire, which narrowly avoided a full-scale revolt - The renegotiated French pension was lost - Tournai was sold back to the French for much less than the siege cost Henry.

Question 222

What three points can be made about the basis of foreign policy between 1514-1526?

Answer 222

1 - England remained a minor power and could not compete with the powers of France and Spain 2 - Henry overestimated English power 3 - The 'Auld Alliance' between France and Scotland remained strong

Question 223

What were the two major concequences of Henry's lack of money in foreign policy?

Answer 223

1 - He was unable to exploit the weakness of Scotland following the Battle of Flodden 2 - He sought peace with France with a marriage settlement, but this was short-lived.

Question 224

Who was Francis I and how did Henry VIII see him?

Answer 224

- King Louis XII died soon after the marriage to Mary, and Francis I took the French throne - Henry saw him as a direct threat, as he was a young and charismatic king similar to Henry himself

Question 225

Who was Charles V and who did they form an alliance with?

Answer 225

- Ferdinand died in 1516, leaving his grandson Charles V on the throne. - Charles V became the HRE in 1519, and formed and alliance with the French in the Treaty of Cambrai

Question 226

How did Francis I confirm his power as a ruler?

Answer 226

- In September 1515, Francis won a sweeping victory over the reputedly invincible Swiss at the battle of Marignano. - He forced a treaty with the Pope, took control of Milan and forced Queen Margaret to flee from Scotland

Question 227

What was the Treaty of London (1518)

Answer 227

- A treaty of 'perpetual peace' led by Wolsey that ended England's isolation by signing an agreement of peace with over 20 European powers - It was seen as a diplomatic, political and moral triumph - European rulers such as Francis I, Maximillian and Charles V signed

Question 228

Why was the treaty of London significant/successful?

Answer 228

- It avoided costly warfare - Wolsey led a treaty of 'collective security', which had never been attempted previously - Made Henry's position more prestigious, which was an aim in his Foreign Policy

Question 229

Why was the Treaty of London a failure?

Answer 229

- The Treaty did not last, with the Hapsburg-Valois war breaking out in 1521 - England was still controlled by the more powerful nations of Europe

Question 230

What was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

Answer 230

- in 1520, Francis I and Henry VIII met up for two weeks in an event of power and prestige - The meeting ended on the 25th of June, with little achieved - The event lost some value in Henry's eyes, as he lost a wrestling match with Francis - The event cost roughly £15,000

Question 231

What did the Field of the Cloth of Gold achieve?

Answer 231

- Very little in terms of foreign policy - It was, however, a glorious opportunity of recognition for Henry - A treaty was signed with Charles V a few weeks later (Francis I enemy)

Question 232

What was the Calais Conference?

Answer 232

An attempt to prevent war between France and Spain over Milan.

Question 233

What was the Treaty of Bruges?

Answer 233

- This was a treaty that Wolsey organised between Henry and Charles V - Henry met with Charles to form an alliance

Question 234

Why did Henry choose to ally with Charles V?

Answer 234

- He could improve his relations with the Pope - He beleived that he could gain more territory in France - Part of the deal was a marriage alliance of Mary, Henry's youngest daughter and Charles.

Question 235

Why and when did the Second French war begin?

Answer 235

- Francis I declared war on Charles V in April 1521, by invading Calais

Question 236

What did Wolsey do to try and bring peace?

Answer 236

- He held a peace conference that the empire and France attended

Question 237

What did Wolsey do in secret with the Second French war?

Answer 237

- Henry wanted to join the conflict, so Wolsey knew he had to pick a side - Wolsey double-dealed, meeting Charles at Bruges when out for the Calais Conference. - They agreed to declare war on France if no peace plans were made by Francis I

Question 238

What was this secret meeting known as?

Answer 238

- Treaty of Bruges - It would happen after France paid the next installation of the French Pension

Question 239

What war was Charles more invested in instead of the Second French War?

Answer 239

- He was more invested in the conflict in Northern Italy, as he had just recovered Milan. - English troops were sent to Picardy, but a number of the emperor's troops lacked

Question 240

How did English fortunes increase in the war in 1523?

Answer 240

The Duke of Bourbon, a powerful English nobleman, raised his army against Francis. Plans were quickly drawn up to have a three sided attack on Paris by the Dukes of Suffolk, Bourbon and imperial forces from the Netherlands.

Question 241

What caused Henry to lose interest in the War vs France (1523)?

Answer 241

- Many abandoned their forces in Paris, causing Henry to lose interest and Wolsey to go back to negotiating peace.

Question 242

Why did Henry and Wolsey look to secure an alliance with France in 1525?

Answer 242

- the treaty with Charles was not giving Henry as much as he hoped for, so Wolsey looked to form an alliance with France

Question 243

What was the Battle of Pavia?

Answer 243

- A crucial moment in the conflict between Francis and Charles, in which Francis was captured and held captive

Question 244

What did Henry suggest to Charles after the battle of Pavia?

Answer 244

He suggested a joint invasion upon France to achieve territorial gains, but Charles disagreed.

Question 245

What did Charles' disagreement mean for Henry?

Answer 245

- His ego was bruised and he had to back down - His resentment towards the emperor was reinforced when Charles rejected the marriage contract - Wolsey's domestic prestige never really recovered from this

Question 246

Why did the alliance with Charles V fail?

Answer 246

- Charles V opposed the annulment between Catherine and Henry - Francis had been heavily defeated by the imperial army, making Charles stronger and in less need of an ally - Charles V rejected Henry's proposal for an attack on France to capitalise on Pavia - Charles cancelled his marriage that he agreed in the Treaty of Bruges

Question 247

What was the Treaty of the More?

Answer 247

It was a Treaty signed in August 1525 with France.

Question 248

What confirmed the shift in diplomacy towards the French after the Treaty of the More?

Answer 248

- The Anti-Hapsburg League (League of Cognac) - England gave financial aid to this

Question 249

When did Wolsey become more committed to the Anti-Hapsburg League?

Answer 249

- After the Sack of Rome

Question 250

What was the Sack of Rome?

Answer 250

A war in which the Pope was taken prisoner, against the League of Cognac.

Question 251

What was the Treaty of Westminster?

Answer 251

- An agreement between England and France whereby England financially supported France to invade Charles V in Northern Italy to free the pope. - There was also a marriage agreement between Mary and Francis

Question 252

What was the Treaty of Amiens?

Answer 252

- An Anglo-French agreement to attack Charles V

Question 253

What did Henry do in 1528 to attack Charles V? Why did this make some people unhappy?

Answer 253

- Placed a trade embargo on Burgandy (just like his Father had done) - Charles V kept some English merchants hostage in Burgundy - This also caused economic difficulty after a poor harvest in England, and was not long after the amicable grant which cause Henry a lot of trouble.

Question 254

What was the 'Ladies Peace', and what did this cause for Henry?

Answer 254

- 1529, also known as the Treaty of Cambrai - Negotiated by Margaret of Austria and Louise of Savoy, and was a settle to the conflict between the Pope and the HRE - This settlement did not involve Henry, leaving him diplomatically isolated.

Question 255

What control did the English have in Ireland?

Answer 255

- Pale district - Land surrounding Dublin

Question 256

Who was the dominant Irish nobleman at this time? What role did he have?

Answer 256

- Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth Earl of Kildare - He was both an English courtier and a servant servant of the crown, but also the most powerful of the Gaelic chiefs

Question 257

What caused the relationship between the King and Fitzgerald to break down?

Answer 257

The revival of the Geraldine-Butler feud and the break from Rome

Question 258

When was Kildare dismissed and what problems did this cause?

Answer 258

- 1534, leading to a major rebellion led by his son, Thomas Fitzgerald. - This was supressed with difficulty and great expense

Question 259

What steps were taken after Kildare's dismissal?

Answer 259

- There was an attempt to refashion Irish government, but this failed utterly - It required royal government through an English-born deputy, supported by a substantial military presence.

Question 260

What made the situation in Ireland worse?

Answer 260

- The resentment amongst the Gaelic lords - Two nobles, Con O'Neill and Manus O'Donnell invaded the Pale in 1539 - The government eventually regained control, by establishing Ireland as a separate Kingdom, with English laws but Gaelic lordship. - The government did not have enough resources to carry through with these reforms, and the situation got more complex when there was a difference in opinion upon the religious reforms

Question 261

What can be said about the final years of Henry VIII's foreign policy?

Answer 261

- The 1530s saw Henry attempt to minimise the response of foreign powers to the Break with Rome - However, in the 1540s, Henry turned to a more aggressive foreign policy, similar to that seen in the early years of his reign

Question 262

What was the battle of Haddon-Rig?

Answer 262

- After James V refused to attend religious talks with Henry VIII, England sent a small army into the Scottish Borders. - This army was defeated on 24th August 1542, by George Gordon, Earl of Huntly.

Question 263

What was the battle of Solway Moss?

Answer 263

- Tensions were growing with Henry appointing himself Head of the Church of England - Henry asked to meet James V of Scotland, recently made king after Queen Margaret's death - England invaded Scotland in 1542, forcing the to demands they could not possibly have met - This led to the Battle of Solway Moss, a heavy defeat for the Scottish

Question 264

What happened shortly after the Battle of Solway Moss?

Answer 264

- James V died of fever - This left his one-week-old daughter Mary (Queen of Scots) on the throne

Question 265

What position did the Battle of Solway Moss leave Henry in?

Answer 265

- Henry was in a great position to exploit the Scots weakness, however it has been argued that he did not take full advantage of this. - Henry's main interest at this time was an invasion of France - This led Henry, instead of invading, to create parliamentary pressure as a means of securing his Scottish objectives

Question 266

What was the 'rough wooing'?

Answer 266

- A policy in which Henry VIII aimed to secure a marriage alliance between his son, Edward VI and Mary Queen of Scots - He also wanted to get rid of the 'Auld Alliance' that formed between Scotland and France - After the Scottish Parliament refused to ratify the Treaty of Greenwich, Henry sent forces to attack Edinburgh, Leith and St Andrews, burning down many buildings.

Question 267

On what counts can Henry be criticised on his Scottish Foreign Policy?

Answer 267

1 - He neglected the opportunity to secure his policy by military force when he had the opportunity in 1542 2 - He failed to heed Sadler's warnings about Scottish hostility to his intentions 3 - His ordering of Hertford into Scotland was simply a matter of retaliation. This gave no though to possible strategic objectives and simply served to antagonise the Scots further.

Question 268

What was Henry's main concern in foreign policy in 1544 and what evidence is there to support this?

Answer 268

- To facilitate a French invasion and gain military glory in France - The size of his army in 1544 reflects this - He set off to attack the French himself, despite his ill health

Question 269

Who did Henry form an alliance in to facilitate the French invasion in 1544?

Answer 269

The emperor

Question 270

What did Henry realise about the attack on France in the 3rd French war? What did he do instead?

Answer 270

- He had committed, with the imperial alliance to Paris, but this he soon realised that this would be futile. - The English Army instead confined itself to the vicinity of Calais

Question 271

What did the English Army lose and gain in the third French War?

Answer 271

- Unsuccessfully besieged Montreuil - Captured Boulogne under the supervision of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk

Question 272

What happened on the day the Henry besieged Boulogne?

Answer 272

- Charles V and Francis I made a peace treaty at Crepy. - One of the agreements was that Francis' youngest son would marry Charles younger daughter Maria.

Question 273

What happened after the fall of Boulogne?

Answer 273

- The French managed to take land in the Isle of Wight and Sussex, but neither had the stregth or finances to engage in all-out-war - In 1546, Henry and Francis made a weary peace, in which Henry was promised a pension until 1551.

Question 274

What was the Treaty of Ardres?

Answer 274

- 1546 - Agreed that if the French paid all of the outstanding French Pensions, Boulogne would be returned - Henry knew that this was unlikely

Question 275

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry was successful in pursuing an active foreign policy against the French?

Answer 275

- 1513 - Battle of the Spurs lead to the capture of Therouanne and Tournai. - Agreed the first French Pension - 1544 - Boulogne captured and kept under the Treaty of Ardres (1546). - Another French pension was secured

Question 276

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry was unsuccessful in pursuing an active foreign policy against the French?

Answer 276

- 1512 - embarrassment in his first expedition to France - Tournai sold back to French for less that it cost - Lost first French pension - 1522-23 - costly failed campaigns in France, caused unrest at home through Amicable Grant taxation - 1544 - hugely expensive war at the cost of £2 million, with little achieved to show for it. - 1545 - French landed counter invasion in Isle of Wight and sent forces to support the Scots in a ventual peace treaty

Question 277

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry was successful in his aim to gain honour and glory?

Answer 277

- 1520 - Francis I was respected at the Field of the Cloth of Gold - Charles V - treaty of Bruges

Question 278

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was unsuccessful in his aim to gain honour and glory?

Answer 278

- Field of the Cloth of Gold achieved little - Charles V - Henry undid the success of the the Treaty of Bruges by crassly trying to used Charles' success at Pavia (1525) as a springboard to take Northern France - This led to the marriage alliance with Princess Mary being broke off. - Never really gained success against Charles or Francis

Question 279

What evidence is there that Henry was successful in his aim to protect the security of England's boarders

Answer 279

- 1513 Battle of Flodden - 1542 Battle of Solway Moss - 1536 - Irish rebellion crushed and the country brought to heel in the 1540s

Question 280

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was unsuccessful in his aim to protect the security of England's borders?

Answer 280

- 'Rough Wooing' - led to the powerful Earl of Arran withdrew his support and lost the chance to unite the kingdom, instead enraging Scots and strengthening the Auld Alliance

Question 281

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was successful in his aim to maintain good trade links with the Netherlands?

Answer 281

- They remained on largely strong terms throughout Henry's reign, much as it had been during the reign of Henry VII

Question 282

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was unsuccessful in his aim to maintain good trade links with the Netherlands?

Answer 282

- England's offer to support France in a war against Charles V in 1528 led to a trade embargo, which included all trade with the Netherlands - This led to unrest and near rebellion in Southern England

Question 283

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was successful in his aim to be a European Peacemaker

Answer 283

- 1518 - Treaty of London, established general European peace

Question 284

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was unsuccessful in his aims to be a European peacemaker?

Answer 284

- After 1533 - isolated in Europe after Break with Rome, was in no position to act as a peacemaker - 1539 - Pope attempting to organise a crusade against Henry

Question 285

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry was successful in his aims to secure the Tudor dynasty?

Answer 285

- Marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1509 produced a female heir in Mary - Marriage to Anne Boleyn produced a female heir in Elizabeth - Marriage to Jayne Seymour produced Edward VI - male heir

Question 286

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was unsuccessful in his aim to secure the Tudor dynasty?

Answer 286

- Marriage to Catherine of Aragon failed to produce a male heir. Mary was made illegitimate with Succession Act - 1540 - marriage with Anne of Cleves - divorce within months - no new heir and foreign alliance undone - His eventual heir, Edward VI, did not come from a foreign marriage - 1543 - Edward's arranged marraige to Mary Queen of Scots was not ratified by the Scottish Parliament and the unification of the two kingdoms fails.

Question 287

When was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?

Answer 287

- Early 1533

Question 288

What did the Act in Restrain of Appeals do?

Answer 288

- Placed all ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the King's hands - Prevented appeals in legal cases being made to Rome.

Question 289

What was the importance of the Act in Restraint of Appeals?

Answer 289

- This prevented Catherine of Aragon appealing to Rome in the case of the Annulment - It had the support of Parliament, and thus allowed Henry to be granted the Annulment - overall it was a significant step towards ending Papal authority in England.

Question 290

When was the Act forbidding papal dispensation and payment of Peter's pence?

Answer 290

- 1534

Question 291

What did the Act Forbidding Papal Dispensation and Payment of Peter's Pence do?

Answer 291

- This restricted the archbishops right to allow priests to hold more than one Parish. - It also prevented payments of taxation to Rome.

Question 292

What was the importance of the Act Forbidding Papal Dispensation and Payment of Peter's Pence?

Answer 292

- It meant that all ecclesiastical powers were now in the hands of the King - It was popular with the laity as many saw the clergy as greedy.

Question 293

When was William Tyndale's Bible burnt?

Answer 293

- May 1530 - This was an attack on heresy against Catholicism

Question 294

When was the First Act of Annates?

Answer 294

- 1532

Question 295

What did the First Act of Annates do?

Answer 295

- Banned the payment of Annates to Rome - It also threatened that bishops could be consecrated by English authorities

Question 296

What was the significance of the First Act of Annates?

Answer 296

- It removed the chief source of papal revenue in England and challenged one of the Pope's main functions as leader of the church

Question 297

What was the Supplication of the Ordinaries?

Answer 297

- March 1532 - Clergy were to enact no Church law without royal permission - Existing Church law was to be examined by Royal commission

Question 298

What was the Submission of the Clergy?

Answer 298

- May 1532 - The Clergy accepted the King and not the Pope as their lawmaker - This led to the resignation of Thomas More

Question 299

What was the Second Act of Annates?

Answer 299

- January 1534 - confirmed the First Act of Annates - Abbots and bishops were now to be appointed by the King, rather than the Pope

Question 300

What was the Act for the Submission of the Clergy?

Answer 300

- March 1534 - This meant that appeals in ecclesiastical matters were now to be handled by the King's Court of Chancery rather than the Archbishop's court.

Question 301

What was the First Act of Succession?

Answer 301

- March 1534 - This registered Henry's marriage to Catherine as invalid, and replaced it with his marriage to Anne. - The Crown was also now to pass to Henry and Anne's children - Nation was to take an oath to uphold their marriage, with it being treason to deny this.

Question 302

When was the Act of Supremacy?

Answer 302

- November 1534

Question 303

What did the Act of Supremacy do?

Answer 303

- declared that Henry was 'justly and rightfully Supreme Head of the Church of England'. - allowed Henry the right to carry out visitations of the monastaries

Question 304

What was the Treason Act?

Answer 304

- December 1534 - This listed key treasonable crimes - some examples were calling the King a heretic - Treason could now be defined as intent expressed in word, writing or in deed.

Question 305

What was the Act for First Fruits and Tenths?

Answer 305

- December 1534 - This meant that clerical taxes were to go to the King, rather than the Pope.

Question 306

When was Cromwell made Vice-gerent in Spirituals?

Answer 306

- January 1535 - Shows that Henry was leaning towards more reformist ideas at this time

Question 307

What was the Valor Ecclesiasticus?

Answer 307

- January 1535 - This was a survey commissioned by Cromwell into the wealth and condition of the Church

Question 308

When was the Act for the Dissolution of Lesser Monasteries?

Answer 308

- February 1536 - This closed down the smaller monasteries which were under £200 in value

Question 309

When was Anne Boleyn beheaded?

Answer 309

-May 1536 - He married Jane Seymour the next day

Question 310

What was the Act of Ten Articles?

Answer 310

- July 1536 - This rejected the 'Seven Sacraments' of the Catholic doctrine, leaving only 3 - baptism, eucharist and pennance. - This was a clear move towards Protestantism.

Question 311

What were the Royal Injunctions to the Clergy?

Answer 311

- August 1536 - These ordered the clergy to 1 - defend the Royal Supremacy in sermons 2 - abandon pilgrimages 3 - give money for educational purposes to teach children the Lord's Prayer, the 10 commandments and other scriptures

Question 312

What was the Bishops Book?

Answer 312

- July 1537 - This rediscovered the four 'lost' sacraments, but they were to be of lesser value. - THere was also a drift towards Protestantism, as there was no discussion of transubstantiation, Mass was glossed over, the special status of the priests was understated and purgatory was present only by implication.

Question 313

What was the 'Matthew Bible'?

Answer 313

- This was a distinctly Protestant version of the Bible that had the King's permission.

Question 314

When was the Truce of Nice signed by Charles V and Francis I? What impact did this have on English religion?

Answer 314

- This truce brought a temporary end to the conflict between the two Catholic powers - It severely threatened Henry, as it risked him being invaded by both powers - It prompted Henry to move closer to Catholicism in the Act of Six articles

Question 315

What was the Second Royal Injunctions issued by Cromwell?

Answer 315

- September 1538 - The English Bible was to be placed in all parishes within two years - all births, marriages and deaths were to be registered by parishes - people actively discouraged from pilgrimages - relics removed from churches

Question 316

When was Henry excommunicated?

Answer 316

- December 1538 by Pope Paul III

Question 317

When was the 'Great Bible' published?

Answer 317

- April 1539

Question 318

What was the Act of Six Articles?

Answer 318

- June 1539 - radical shift back to Catholicism - confirmed - transubstantiation, mass, confession - banned - marriage of priests (or anyone who had taken vow of chastity), communion by lay people - severe penalties to those who disobeyed

Question 319

What was the Act for the Dissolution of Greater Monasteries?

Answer 319

- All monasteries were closed and their land passed to the Crown

Question 320

When was Cromwell executed?

Answer 320

- July 1540

Question 321

When did Henry marry Anne of Cleves?

Answer 321

- January 1540

Question 322

When did Henry annul Anne of Cleves?

Answer 322

- July 1540

Question 323

When did Henry marry Catherine Howard?

Answer 323

- July 1540

Question 324

What was the Act for the Advancement of True Religion?

Answer 324

- May 1542 - This restricted access to the English Bible to upper-class men and women in private

Question 325

What was the King's Book?

Answer 325

- May 1542 - This revised the Bishops Book, but confirmed Transubstantiation and the Six Articles - It was written by Henry himself, encouraging preaching and attacking images. - also known as the 'Necessary Doctrine and Erudition of a Christian Man'

Question 326

When did Henry marry Catherine Parr?

Answer 326

- July 1543

Question 327

When was English litany introduced to churches?

Answer 327

- May 1544 - It replaced Catholic latin litany but was optional

Question 328

What was the Chantries Act?

Answer 328

- This allowed for the dissolution of chantries, but was not enforced until the reign of Edward VI

Question 329

What is the background of Thomas Cromwell?

Answer 329

- Was born around 1485 in Putney - Humble origins

Question 330

Who was Cromwell the advisor of in his early days and for how long?

Answer 330

- Wolsey - Between 1526 and 1529

Question 331

What did early historians think of Thomas Cromwell?

Answer 331

- early historians argue that Cromwell was ruthlessly dedicated to the King, and worked entirely to his command

Question 332

How does Elton present Cromwell?

Answer 332

- Elton argues that Cromwell was a central figure in the revolution of government and the genius that created the English Reformation

Question 333

How have historians presented Cromwell since Elton's arguments?

Answer 333

- Tend to agree with him, but not to such a high extent

Question 334

How can Wolsey and Cromwell's roles be compared?

Answer 334

- Wolsey had a much easier time passing laws, as Henry was youthful and inexperience

Question 335

How did Thomas Cromwell change the privy council?

Answer 335

- changed the privy council from 70-90 members to 20 members - these members were trained lawyers or bureaucrats

Question 336

What did Cromwell do to manage the finances created by the Break with Rome?

Answer 336

- Created 4 key courts - Court of Augmentations - The Court of General Surveyors - The Court of First Fruit and Tenths - The Court of Wards

Question 337

What was the Court of Augmentations?

Answer 337

- Made in 1536 - Controlled land and finances previously under the control of the Catholic Church

Question 338

What was the Court of General Surveyors?

Answer 338

- This handled ex-monastic lands, before it was amalgamted into the Court of Augmentations

Question 339

What was the Court of First Fruit and Tenths?

Answer 339

- This collected the money that was previously sent to Rome as annates

Question 340

What was the Court of Wards?

Answer 340

- Collected money from the estate of a minor when they had inherited the land

Question 341

What was the traditional role of Parliament?

Answer 341

- Often dealt with finances - Was used frequently in the Wars of the Roses, when finances were insecure, but was not used often under Edward IV or Henry VII

Question 342

What were Cromwell's aims in changing Parliament?

Answer 342

- meet more regularly - have more power - needed to be more reliable in giving Henry what he wanted

Question 343

What were Cromwell's physical changes to Parliament?

Answer 343

- MPs had to physically move to one side or the other when voting on an issue - This meant that Cromwell could easily see who opposed him, and intimidate them - Moreover, Cromwell wrote letters to those who opposed him, telling them that they need not attend the next meeting, meaning that Parliament was comprised wholly of those who supported his reforms

Question 344

How did Cromwell use Propaganda?

Answer 344

- He would created leaflets and books on his future laws in order to sway the opinion of those voting on them

Question 345

How did Cromwell use Parliament?

Answer 345

- Cromwell combined the power of Parliament in passing Laws, with the authority of the King to create laws that were of the highest authority

Question 346

Why did Cromwell use Parliament more frequently?

Answer 346

- He used Parliament more frequently as his changes were risky and revolutionary, they needed to be passed into a strong law that was of the highest authority

Question 347

What happened to the volume of English Trade in the first half of the 16th century?

Answer 347

It increased (with occasional downturns)

Question 348

What industries saw a continuous rise?

Answer 348

Cloth exports, exports of hides and tin

Question 349

What market declined?

Answer 349

Raw wool

Question 350

Which export almost doubled in Henry's reign?

Answer 350

Woollen cloth

Question 351

What does the increased import of wine suggest?

Answer 351

That the spending power of the more prosperous classes increased

Question 352

What was the leading route for exports from England?

Answer 352

From London to Antwerp, from which it was often sent to customers in Central Europe and the Baltic

Question 353

Where was exported cloth often travelling through and what problems did this cause?

Answer 353

An increasing proportion of cloth was travelling through London. This had a negative effect on other ports, particularly Bristol, and some other east coast ports such as Hull or Boston and traders found it hard to compete with their London rivals

Question 354

Where else enjoyed a boom in trading?

Answer 354

Southampton, especially with trade with Venice

Question 355

What was the biggest change in the cloth industry?

Answer 355

The increase in cheaper fabrics such as kersey

Question 356

What was kersey?

Answer 356

A coarse woollen cloth which was lighter than the traditional English broadcloth and which took its name from the village of Kersey in Suffolk. Its lightness broadened its appeal

Question 357

What percentage of cloth exports were transported by English merchants?

Answer 357

about 70% from the 1550s

Question 358

How did the woollen industry operate?

Answer 358

largely on a domestic basis, with children carding the wool, women spinning and men weaving it. This was then sent for specialist treatment such as fulling or dyeing which appeared in specialist units around the country

Question 359

Which areas saw the greatest growth in the cloth industry?

Answer 359

- West Riding of Yorkshire - East Anglia (especially south Suffolk) - Parts of the West Country (especially Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Devon)

Question 360

Which people were able to make great profit in the cloth industry?

Answer 360

- Rich and entrepreneurial clothiers - They were not only able to acquire huge wealth, but they also were able to enhance their social status

Question 361

Who is a good example of someone who was able to enhance their lives with the cloth industry?

Answer 361

- William Stumpe - He became MP for Malmesbury, high sheriff for the county, wealthy landowner and beneficiary from the dissolution of the monasteries

Question 362

What industry did see some growth?

Answer 362

The mining industry

Question 363

Which tin remained a prize export?

Answer 363

Cornish Tin

Question 364

Where was lead mining growing in importance?

Answer 364

- Northeast of England - Newcastle supplied an increasing amount to the trades of London

Question 365

How many blast furnaces were there by the middle of the century?

Answer 365

- 26 - these produced an increasing amount of iron ore in Kent and West Sussex

Question 366

What was Henry VIII fairly uninterested in compared to his father?

Answer 366

Exploration

Question 367

What was Robert Thorne involved in at this time?

Answer 367

An Iceland and Newfoundland fishery

Question 368

Who was Sebastian Cabot and where did he remain for the majority of Henry's reign?

Answer 368

- An Explorer - He remained in Spain until the corination of Edward VI

Question 369

What did John Guy argue about economics in this period?

Answer 369

'England was economically healthier, more expansive and more optimistic under the Tudors than at any time since the Roman occupation'

Question 370

What points can be made to support Guy's view?

Answer 370

- Population grew significantly - From 1520s, agricultural prices rose significantly - Debasement cause a momentary boom

Question 371

What points can be made against Guy's views?

Answer 371

- Bad harvests led to higher food prices, causing problems for more urban workers - Real wages declined - Assessments indicated a high level of urban poverty - There is evidence of growing unemployment in rural labour - People were made homeless because of engrossing

Question 372

What is engrossing?

Answer 372

The joining together of two or more farms to make a single agricultural unit; It could be seen as improving efficiency and output at the cost of rendering families homeless

Question 373

What was debasement?

Answer 373

The reduction in the silver content of coins (replaced with base metals). As a result of this, shopkeepers put up their prices, which resulted in an increase in the rate of inflation

Question 374

What document highlighted the impact of enclosure?

Answer 374

Thomas More's 'Utopia'

Question 375

What did Wolsey do in response to enclosure?

Answer 375

He launched an inquiry into enclosure and found 188 defendants who had enclosed illegally

Question 376

Where was enclosure most commonly found?

Answer 376

In the Midlands

Question 377

What was the main underlying cause of economic distress?

Answer 377

The increase in the population, as it put a considerable strain on food

Question 378

What was their a plentiful supply of at this time?

Answer 378

Cheap labour

Question 379

Who benefited from the population increase?

Answer 379

Landowners and wealthier Farmers

Question 380

What did John Guy argue about agricultural improvement?

Answer 380

'Agricultural improvement promoted economic growth at the cost of of peasant distress; increased production generated prosperity for landlords and impoverishment for wage-earners'

Question 381

What did society become in this time?

Answer 381

More polarised, which undermined traditional ideas of good lordship and social responsibility

Question 382

What happened as a result of this change of society?

Answer 382

'the rich became richer and the poor became poorer'