Henry VIII Flashcards
(266 cards)
1
Q
Who was Henry VIII?
A
Henry VIII was King of England from 1509 until his death.
2
Q
How long did Henry VIII reign for?
A
38 years
3
Q
In what year did Henry VIII die?
A
1547
4
Q
Who was the second Tudor monarch?
A
Henry VIII
5
Q
Who succeeded Henry VII?
A
Good old Henry the VIII, his son.
6
Q
Why did Henry VIII have very little training for kingship from his father and his advisors?
A
His older brother Arthur was supposed to be King, not Henry.
7
Q
What happened to Arthur to prevent him from being King?
A
He died, age 15 from sweating sickness.
8
Q
Who had Arthur married 20 weeks before his death?
A
Catherine of Aragon
9
Q
Who did Catherine of Aragon marry after her husband Arthur died.
A
She married Henry, who would soon become Henry VIII.
10
Q
Why did Henry VIII marry his brother’s widow?
A
- It was his fathers dying wish
2. Formed an alliance with Spain
11
Q
Who was King after Henry VIII?
A
Edward VI
12
Q
Put these kings in order with the most recent last: Edward VI, Richard III, Henry VII, Henry VIII.
A
Richard III
Henry VII
Henry VIII
Edward VI
13
Q
How old was Henry VIII when he died?
A
55 years old
14
Q
Who was King Henry VIII’s mother?
A
Elizabeth of York
15
Q
Which house did Henry VIII belong to?
A
Tudor
16
Q
What was Henry VIII’s method of dealing with political enemies (those who did not like the way he ran the country)?
A
Executed them for high treason
17
Q
How many wives did Henry VIII have?
A
6
18
Q
Names all 6 of Henry VIII wives in order.
A
Catherine of Argon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr
19
Q
Did Catherine of Aragon have a child for Henry VIII?
A
Yes
20
Q
Was Catherine of Aragon’s child a boy and heir?
A
No
21
Q
What was the female child, daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII, called?
A
Mary
22
Q
Could Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII, not be heir to throne?
A
Girls at that time were not considered for the throne.
23
Q
One desperate idea to produce a male heir was to marry Mary off early and try for a male grandson. Why did they give up on this idea?
A
Mary was still a baby and Henry VIIIs advisors did not think that Henry would survive long enough to see the bird of a grandson.
24
Q
Henry VIII wanted the Pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Why? 2 reasons
A
- Catherine was getting old and she had not produced Henry VIII a son and heir and probably never would.
- He was having an affair with Mary Boleyn and was getting a bit bored with her and wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, her sister.
25
Explain a reason why Henry VIII wanted to separate from Catherine of Aragon.
Henry VIII was desperate to have a male heir. Catherine had failed to give him this and she was getting too old to have children.
Furthermore, Henry knew he could father a son because he already had an illegitimate child, Henry Fitzroy with a lady at court called Bessie Blount.
26
Why was Henry VIII desperate for a son?
He wanted an heir to the throne so that he could secure succession within his bloodline.
27
How old was Catherine of Argon when her marraige to Henry VIII was annulled?
40 years old
28
Desperate to annul his marraige to Catherine of Aragon, on what grounds did he ask the Pope to annul it?
Henry VIII sought the Pope's approval for an annulment on the grounds that his marriage was invalid because Catherine had first been his brother's wife.
29
Did the Pope give Henry VIII the annulment on the grounds that she was his dead brother’s wife?
No
30
Who did Henry get to rule that his marraige to Catherine of Aragon should be annulled?
Archbishop of Canterbury.
Unfortunately he was not the head of the church, though, the Pope was! He therefore did not have the authority to do this.
31
What effect did the annulment of his previous marriage and Henry VIII’s subsequent marriage to Anne Boleyn have on the church?
The Pope was furious and disowned England!
The annulment and marriage caused the break up of the Roman Catholic Church and the later establishment of the Church of England.
32
What is papal authority and how did Henry lose this?
Papal authority means that the Pope as head of the Roman Catholic Church was the supreme leader of all churches including those in England.
When Henry annulled his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the Pope was very angry and rejected England as a church under his authority.
33
The consequence of the Pope rejecting England as one of his churches led to the English Reformation. What is the English Reformation?
The English Reformation was when the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. Henry now declared himself the supreme head on earth of the Church of England
34
What advantages did the English Reformation have for Henry VIII?
1. He could marry who we wanted by annulling previous marriages, specifically Catherine of Aragon.
2. He was the final decision maker in all policies relating to the church.
3. Taxes from the church that used to be paid straight to Rome were now paid straight to Henry VIII.
35
Did Henry VIII love Catherine of Aragon?
Yes, very much. He made many announcements of his love for her.
36
Did Catherine of Aragon mind Henry VIII having lots of mistresses?
No. It was common in those times for Kings to have many mistresses.
37
What was the name of Henry VIII’s illegitimate son?
Henry Fitzroy (same first name as the dad)
38
Which of Henry’s mistresses gave birth to a baby boy?
Elizabeth Blount
39
Who was Henry VIII married to when his mistress gave birth to the illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy.
Catherine of Aragon
40
Who was Anne Boleyn?
Henry VIII’s second wife
41
What was Anne Boleyn like?
Educated, flirtatious and beautiful, but grumpy meddling and calculating.
42
Why did Henry VIII grow tired of Anne Boleyn?
She was unable to produce him a male heir.
| Bad tempered and meddled in his business affairs
43
How did the King get rid of Anne Boleyn?
He annulled their marriage and had her beheaded on charges of adultery, incest and high treason.
44
Was the evidence against Anne Boleyn strong for adultery, incest and high treason?
No, very weak. Henry VIII wanted rid of her as she could not produce a male heir and Henry VIII had a new love interest.
45
What happened to the child Mary when the marriage of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII was annulled?
Mary was declared illegitimate
46
Did Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn get on?
No, they did not. Anne was too independent for the role as a ceremonial wife and Henry disliked her constant irritability and violent temper.
47
Were Henry VIII’s new religious policies popular?
No, they were very unpopular, but those against them were convicted of high treason and beheaded.
48
When did Henry VIII start having an affair with Jane Seymour, a lady later to become his third wife.
Henry VIII starting having an affair with Jane Seymour while he was married to Anne Boleyn.
49
Did Jane Seymour manage to produce Henry VIII and heir to the throne?
Yes, a son called Edward, later to become King Edward IV.
50
Queen Jane Seymour died shortly after giving birth to Edward IV. Why?
Difficult birth followed by an infection.
51
Who was Henry VIII’s fourth wife?
Anne of Cleves
52
Did the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves last long?
No, Henry had found another that he wanted to marry.
53
Did Anne of Cleves object to the annulment of her marriage to Henry?
No, she agreed and confirmed that the marriage had never been consummated.
54
Who was Henry VIII’s fifth wife?
Catherine Howard
55
What did Henry VIII think of his new wife, Catherine Howard?
Henry VIII was absolutely delighted with his new wife and awarded her with lands of her own and fine jewellery.
56
If Henry VIII thought so much of Catherine Howard why did the marriage not last?
1. Soon after the marriage Catherine had an affair with a courtier.
2. She took as secretary her previous fiancé who she had previously had an affair with.
57
What did Henry VIII do with Catherine Howard when he found out about the affairs?
He had her beheaded of course.
58
Who was Henry VIII final wife?
Catherine Parr
59
Did Henry stay with Catherine Parr?
Yes, until his death.
60
What was Henry’s health like later in life?
He was obese and had to be moved about with mechanical inventions.
He was covered in painful pus-filled boils.
Suffered from gout.
61
Why is it thought that Henry VIII was so obese and suffered so many medical problems?
He suffered a leg wound in a jousting accident that was difficult to treat and became ulcerated. He was therefore no longer able to maintain his fitness and so became obese. The obesity hastened his death.
62
How old was Edward VI was his father, Henry VIII died?
9 years old and therefore had lots of protectors to help him rule.
63
Describe some characteristics of Henry VIII.
1. Clever, an intellectual. He had lots of books and read and wrote English, Latin and French.
2. Renaissance man - loved art
3. Well built athletic man in his youth
4. Enjoyed jousting and hunting.
5. Loved beautiful things - gulided armour, outfits of velvet and satin, lots of jewellery.
6. Avid gambler
7. Involved in the production of beautiful buildings.
64
Put these kings and queens in order with the most recent last: Mary 1, Elizabeth 1, Edward VI, Henry VIII
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Mary 1
Elizabeth I
65
What was Henry VIII DOB?
1491
66
In what year did Henry VIII marry Catherine of Aragon?
1509
67
In what year did Henry marry Anne Boleyn?
1533
68
In what year did Henry VIII marry Jane Seymour?
1536
69
In what year did Henry VIII marry Anne of Cleaves?
1539
70
How did Henry VIII get rid of Anne of Cleaves?
Marraige was annulled as it was never consummated
71
In which year did Henry VIII marry Catherine Howard?
1540
72
How did Henry VIII get rid of Catherine Howard?
Beheaded her for adultery
73
In what year did Henry the VIII marry Catherine Parr?
1543
74
Name Henry V III wives
1. Catherine of Aragon
2. Anne Boleyn
3. Jane Seymour
4. Anne of Cleves
5. Catherine Howard
6. Catherine Parr
75
Who was Henry VIII first wife?
Catherine of Aragon
76
Who was Henry’s second wife?
Anne Boleyn
77
Who was Henry VIII third wife?
Jane Seymour
78
Who was Henry VIII final wife?
Catherine Parr
79
Who was Henry VIII fourth wife?
Anne of Cleves
80
Who was Henry VIII 5th wife?
Catherine Howard
81
List 8 qualities of Henry VIII as a young king.
1. Religious
2. Lavish lifestyle - liked nice things, but was wasteful
3. Extravagant - spent lots of money
4. Desperate to fight wars to get glory and adoration
5. Cultured - musician, clever, spoke many languages
6. Fit and athletic - horse riding, joisting etc
7. Traditional king
8. Handsome
9. Very ambitious - he wanted to be remembered for being a great king
82
Why was Henry VIII called a navy man?
He was so keen on wars that he built up a platoon of war ships
83
Why is the music Greensleeves associated with Henry VIII?
It is believed it was composed by Henry VIII for his lover and future queen consort Anne Boleyn
84
Why was Henry given the title Fidei Defensor?
As a reward for upholding the Catholic faith in the face of the developing reformation and the ideas of Martin Luther. He dictated and supported a book against the uprising.
85
What does the title Fidei defensor mean?
Defender of the faith
86
Who gave King Henry VIII the title of Fidei Defensor?
The Pope
87
Did Henry VIII keep the title of Keeper of the faith when he fell out with the Pope over his impending marriage to Anne Boleyn?
Yes, he did and every king and queen has had that title since then.
88
What inspired Henry to want to be a modern king, well-educated and well-read?
The renaissance
89
What is the renaissance?
A flowering of culture in the 16th century
90
What did the chivalric code inspire Henry VIII to do?
Seek military honour and glory
91
What was the chivalric code in medieval times?
Code of chivalry which emphasised bravery, military skill and generosity in victory.
92
Henry VIII greatly wanted to increase the land under his rule. What were his three targets?
1. Scotland
2. Ireland
3. Foreign territories in France
93
Henry VIII had some success in battle in 1513. Who did he ally with then to defeat the French?
Holy emperor Maximillian
94
What was the name of the battle between the French and Henry VIII and his ally Emperor Maximillian become known ?
Battle of the spurs
95
Why was the battle between the French and Henry VIII with his ally Emperor Maximillian, known as battle of the spurs?
Because the French retreated so quickly
96
James IV of Scotland invaded England while Henry was fighting in France, did the Scottish win.
No they were defeated and humiliated losing 11,000 men.
97
What happened to James IV in the battle of Flodden when he invaded England while Henry VIII was away to war?
He was killed in the battle when he made a desperate charge at the English army
98
Who was made King of Scotland after James IV was killed in the battle of Flodden?
The infant son of Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII’s sister.
99
What was Henry’s nephew called who was made King of Scotland when he was only a boy?
James V
100
The battle of Flodden was led by whom in Henry VIII’s absence?
Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey
101
How was Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey rewarded for his good service by Henry VIII after his victory at the Battle of Flodden?
He was made Duke of Norfolk
102
Why was being made Duke of Norfolk so important to Thomas Howard, the Earl of Surrey?
It was the title that his family had lost under Henry VII due to their support of Richard III
103
What was the treaty of London?
Peace treaty between England and the major European powers.
104
When the treaty of London was in danger of falling apart, what did Wolsey do to preserve peace?
Wolsey arranged a meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I of France.
105
What was the meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I commonly known as?
The field of cloth of gold
106
Where did Henry VIII and Francis I meet for the field of the cloth of gold?
They met in a field near Calais which at the time was an English territory
107
How close in age were Henry VIII and Francis I?
Henry VIII was three years older
108
How long had Henry VIII and Francis I been on the throne when they met at the field of the cloth of gold?
Henry VIII - 11 years
| Francis I - 5.5 years
109
Which of the kings, Henry VIII or Francis I were considered renaissance king?
Both were considered Renaissance kings
110
Did Henry VIII and Francis I like each other?
No, they were jealous and suspicious of each other. They were proud and rivalling each other for prestige and honour.
111
What did both kings wish to display at the field of the cloth of gold?
The grandeur and wealth of their courts
112
Wolsey was in charge of planning the meeting between Henry VIII and Francis 1 at Calais, what did he hope to achieve?
He hoped to impress Francis so that Francis would see Henry as a rich and powerful potential ally and therefore not want to have costly wars with him.
113
When did the meeting of the field of the cloth of gold take place?
1520
114
What was the most spectacular part of the meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I of France?
A temporary palace of timber and canvas to go with the pavilions and tents.
115
Why did the meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I become known as the field of the cloth of gold?
There was so much gold cloth on display in the tents and pavilions of both courts that the event became known as the field of the cloth of gold.
116
Who paid for the event known as the field of the cloth of gold and how much did it cost?
Henry VIII paid for it all. It cost him the equivalent of a whole years income.
117
There were thousands of people at the field of the cloth of gold. Who were they?
Courtiers
Soldiers
Peasants ...... all of who had come to see the spectacle
There was also the kings and their courts.
118
What entertainment was present at the field of the cloth of gold?
```
Jousting
Wrestling
Feasting
Pageants
Markets
Trading
Song
Dance
Diplomatic discussions
```
119
What was there to drink at the field of the cloth of gold?
Fountains of wine
120
Why was the occasion of the field of the cloth of gold tense?
The French and English were used to fighting each other and quick to take offence. They were close to each other’s age and jealous of each other.
121
Was the meeting at the field of the cloth of gold a diplomatic success?
It seemed to be a success but short while later Henry made an alliance with the Holy Emperor Charles V AGAINST France.
122
When Henry broke the treaty and went to war against France with the Holy Roman Emperor, was it successful?
No it was a short and largely unsuccessful war.
123
At which battle did Henry VIII defeat the French in 1513?
Battle of Spurs
124
At which battle did Henry VIII defeat the Scots in 1513?
Battle of Flodden
125
Who was killed in the Battle of a Flodden?
James IV
126
Who was the next king of Scotland after James IV was killed and why was this a problem for the Scots?
The next king was James V, but he was only a baby.
127
Who was Thomas Howard and how was he rewarded following Flodden?
Thomas Howard was the Earl of Surrey who was rewarded after his success in the battle of a Flodden by being made The Duke of Norfolk.
128
Why was being made Duke of Norfolk so important to Thomas Howard?
1. The title was removed by Henry VII when his father fought on the side of Richard III.
2. Being an Earl was a most important noble position.
129
Why did Henry VIII and Francis I meet in 1520?
To preserve peace and have negotiations to sign a treaty.
130
Do you think the meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII was successful overall. Give evidence to support your reasons.
Successful:
It was a good advert for Henry VIII as the public marvelled at his wealth and prestige.
Unsuccessful:
Tensions remained high between Henry VIII and Francis I
The kings respects each other but did not like each other
Negotiations failed
There was a war between France and England 2 years later
131
Who was Thomas Wolsey?
```
Cardinal Of the Catholic Church
Archbishop of York
Lord Chancellor of England
English Bishop
Statesman
```
132
When Henry VIII became. King of England, what did Thomas Wolsey become?
Chaplain in charge of giving money to the poor.
| A distributor of alms
133
Was Thomas Wolsey a nobleman?
No, he had a common background. His father was a butcher.
134
Who made Thomas Wolsey a cardinal and the Archbishop of York?
The Pope
135
Who made Thomas Wolsey Lord Chancellor of England?
Henry VIII
136
What does papal legate mean?
Personal representative of the Pope
137
Who was made Papal Legate in 1518?
Thomas Wolsey
138
How did Thomas Wolsey fail Henry VIII and fall of of favour with the King?
He failed to persuade the Pope to annul Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
139
Thomas Wolsey fell out of favour with the king. What happened to him?
1. Dismissed as Lord Chancellor in 1929
| 2. Arrested in 1930 and died while making his way back from York to the Tower of London to face charges of treason.
140
Why do you think Thomas Wolsey died while travelling to the Tower of London to face charges of treason?
Probably died of stress and worry knowing that he was likely to be beheaded or tortured for treason.
141
What two major buildings did Wolsey pay for during his lifetime?
1. Christchurch College in Oxford
| 2. Hampton Court Palace
142
Who did Cardinal Wolsey give Hampton Court Palace to in 1529?
Henry VIII
143
Why do you think Cardinal Wolsey gave Hampton Court Palace to Henry VIII?
Cardinal Wolsey was out of favour and he hoped that by giving Henry VIII the palace, it would put him back in favour.
144
What does annul mean?
A ruling that would say a marriage never existed
145
Give 5 reasons why Henry VIII wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled?
1. Catherine was too old to conceive a child and Henry was desperate for an heir.
2. Henry knew he could father a son as he was father to Henry Fitzroy from an affair. Henry knew he could have a male heir with another wife.
3. He had already fallen in love with Lady Anne Boleyn and was desperate to marry her. She was educated and interesting.
4. Lady Anne Boleyn was young and fertile and able to have many children for Henry VIII.
5. Henry VIII believed his marriage to Catherine of Aragon was unlawful because she was previously married to his elder brother Arthur.
146
Who was the mother of Henry’s illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy?
Bessie Blount
147
Why did Henry VIII break away from the Roman Catholic Church?
1. He was not happy with the state of the church and he had reformist ideas.
2. Henry was desperate for a legitimate male heir and the church would not allow him to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
3. He had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn and wanted to marry her. She refused to have an affair and be a mistress.
4. Henry’s own conscience made him want the annulment that the church would not allow. He genuinely believed his marriage to Catherine of Aragon was against God’s will.
5. Henry’s désire for more power. - he wanted everyone to be loyal first and foremost to the King and not the Pope.
6. Henry had a need to increase his own revenue (money). Taxes would now be paid to the King of England and not to the Pope in Rome.
148
Which two men helped Henry break away from the Roman Catholic Church?
Thomas Crammer
| Thomas Cromwell
149
Which part of breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church did Thomas Crammer deal with?
Thomas Crammer dealt with the religious side of the breakaway from the Roman Church
150
What did Thomas Cromwell do towards England’s breakaway from the Roman Catholic Church?
1. Legal side of the breakaway from the Roman Church
| 2. Annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
151
What 3 acts or laws did Henry pass to assist in his breakaway from the Roman Church?
1. Act of Supremacy
2. Act of Succession
3. Treason Act.
152
What was the Act of Supremacy?
An Act that made Henry VIII head of the Church of England
153
What did the Act of Succession and the Treason Act do?
1. Made it illegal not to believe in the King’s marriage to Anne Boleyn
2. It made any children of Henry VIII and Anne the legitimate heirs to the throne rather than Mary, Henry’s child with Catherine of Aragon.
154
Why did the Act of Supremacy make Henry VIII rich?
1. All the money that used to go to the Roman Catholic Church now went to the King if England.
2. Fined the bishops
155
What did Henry do to the Bishops after he passed his three laws?
Charged them with treason forcing them to pay him £100,000 to prevent beheading.
156
What was the submission of the clergy and how did it generate money for Henry?
When Henry passed laws that made him Head of the Church of England, he charged all the Bishops with treason and the only way to get out of it was to pay £100,000
157
Name the types of building present in a monestry
```
Cloister
Church
Infirmary/hospital
Kitchens
Toilets
Guest houses for travellers to stay in
Schools for basic schooling
```
158
What is a cloister in a monestry?
It is a place for the monks to get exercise by walking round and round it.
There are cloisters in St John’s that you have scooted round and round.
159
Who is in charge of the monestry?
The abbot
160
In the later years of Henry’s life, two religious factions dominated Henry’s court. What were they?
1. Those who supported Protestant changes
2. Those who wanted the Church of England to stick more closely to Catholicism.
Henry struggled throughout his life to know which religion he supported most.
161
What Protestant changes followed on from the Act of Supremacy 1534?
In 1538 Cromwell issued orders banning pilgrimages, shrines and the celebration of many of the saints’ days.
Relics could no longer be displayed for worship, and orders were given to have some smashed or burned.
Henry was supreme and not saints and relics.
162
In what year was the Act of Supremacy?
1534
163
Why did Henry release the Six Articles in 1539 known as the whip with 6 strings?
Henry felt uneasy about the appearance of Lutheran’s and their Theology within his kingdom and so he released the 6 articles to reaffirm some traditional Catholic teachings.
164
Name 4 key Catholic teachings that were part of the whip with 6 strings
1. Transubstantiation
2. Hearing confession
3. Vows of chastity (no sex before marriage)
4. Clerical celibacy
165
What was the punishment if disobeying the 6 articles put in place by Henry to reaffirm some Catholic teachings?
Imprisonment
Fines
Death
166
Despite the six articles published in 1539 to reaffirm Catholic teachings, more Protestant reforms were brought in a couple of years later. Name 2 of the Protestant reforms brought in.
1. Enforcement of the bible in English, though not to be read by women or the lower classes.
2. Insistence upon the abolition of all saints shrines.
167
There was a last swing back to Catholicism in 1536 with the publication of the Bishops book. What was the Bishops book?
A textbook written by the Bishops, Theologians, and led by Cranmer.
It laid out the beliefs of the Church of Dngland but WAS NOT STRONGLY PROTESTANT.
168
The Bishop’s book was originally named something else. What was it?
Institution of the Christian Man.
169
The Bishops’s book was later known as the King’s book after Henry revised it. In what ways did he revise it?
1. Defending transubstantiation ( a Catholic belief)
2. Six articles
3. Encouraged preaching in English ( Protestant belief)
4. Attacked the use of images (a Catholic belief as they prayed to images)
170
When Henry died in 1547, did he have a Catholic or Protestant funeral service?
Catholic
171
Was Henry Catholic or Protestant? He flip flopped between the two throughout his life. Provide evidence for Henry being Catholic.
1. The very last choice he made was for his funeral which was a Catholic burial.
2. He dictated a book which attacked Protestants and The leading Protestant, Martin Luther, for which was was awarded title of Fidei Defensor (defender of the faith).
3. He passed an act in 1539 reaffirming Catholic teachings called the 6 articles or the whip with 6 strings.This was done at the end of his reign meaning that England remained Catholic after his death.
4. His first wife Catherine of Aragon was Catholic as was his 2nd wife Jane Seymour and 5th wife Catherine Howard.
5. He revised a book known as the King’s book which had pro- Catholic teachings in it.
6. He thought it was important to confess sins which was a Catholic belief.
7. He desperately wanted the Pope’s approval for his annulment to Catherine of Aragon. The Pope is the head of the Catholic Church.
8. Protestants who denied the Catholic faith were persecuted or burned.
172
Was Henry really a Protestant or did he just want to limit the Pope’s power and collect the taxes for himself? What evidence is there that Henry did have Protestant beliefs?
1. He flip flopped between the two types of Christianity throughout his reign.
2. During his reign Protestantism grew in England. He could have prevented it, but didn’t.
3. Thomas Cromwell, Henry’s first minister was Protestant and carried out the Reformation on Henry’s orders.
4. Anne Boleyn, Anne of Cleves and Catherine Parr, wives of Henry were Protestant.
5. His son, and only male heir, Edward had Protestant teachers and he was brought up a Protestant.
6. The bible was translated into English ( Protestant view)
7. He dissolved the the Catholic monestries
8. Destroyed the Catholic relics.
9. He annulled his Catholic marriage to Catherine of Aragon in favour of a Protestant wife and went against the Catholic Church to do so.
However, at the end of his reign he passed the 6 articles which meant the church remained Catholic. Protestants who denied the Catholic faith were persecuted or even burned. Despite being Head of the Church of England, Henry never became a Protestant himself.
His dying wish was a Catholic burial.
173
There is a suggestion that Henry was not really Protestant and that he just enjoyed the rewards of this. What were the rewards of being a Protestant?
1. Money - taxes, fining the Bishops
2. Land - confiscated land from the Church
3. Power over the Pope. Henry wanted to be supreme ruler so that everyone would look up to him. he had a very big ego.
4. He wanted to divorce his wives and remarry as it pleased him
174
What does the term expediency mean and how does it relate to Henry?
The quality of being convenient and practical despite being improper and immoral to serve a purpose.
Henry could be partially Protestant so he can gets what he wants.
175
What does capricious mean and how does it relate to Henry?
It means changing your mind a lot.
Henry flip flopped between the different types of Christianity.
176
What were the dates of Catherine of Aragon’s marriage to Henry VIII?
1509- 1533
177
Why did Henry marry Catherine of Aragon?
Because she was the aunt of the King of Spain and the marriage would form an alliance between England and Spain.
178
Why and how did Catherine of Aragon and Henry’s marriage end?
The marriage was annulled because she hadn’t produced a male heir and was now too old to have more children. Henry was in love with Anne Boleyn who was young and attractive and fun.
179
List a few interesting facts about Catherine of Aragon
1. She had been married to Henry’s brother Arthur before marrying Henry.
2. She had 6 children, although one one girl survived (Mary)
3. She was banished from the King’s court.
4. She did not support the annulment
5. She wrote to Henry until she died. He never replied once.
6. She was a devout Catholic.
180
What were the dates of Henry’s marriage to Anne Bolelyn?
1533- 1536
181
How did Henry and Anne’s marriage end?
Anne was beheaded for treason because the King believed she was having affairs with other men including her brother.
Also she had not produced a living male heir.
182
List some interesting facts about Anne Boleyn
1. She thought she was cleverer and more important than Henry and tried to advise him.
2. She had 3 breasts and 6 fingers on one hand
3. She was nicknamed the black crow because she was thought to be scheming and calculating by the population.
4. She wouldn’t sleep with him until they were married
5. She was a Protestant.
183
What are the dates of Jane Seymour’s marriage to Henry.
1536-1537
184
Why did Henry marry Jane Seymour?
He married her because he loved and respected her and he needed a male heir
185
How did the marriage between Henry and Jane Seymour end?
She died because of an infection she had days after child birth.
Henry was devastated when she died.
186
List some interesting facts about Jane Seymour.
1. She gave Henry a male heir called Edward.
2. She was Catholic
3. She wasn’t well educated.
187
What were the dates of Henry’s marriage to Anne of Cleves?
1540-1540
188
Why did Henry marry Anne of Cleves?
1. To form an alliance with Germany
2. She was Protestant and Thomas Cromwell, Henry’s chief advisor wanted the country to be more Protestant and so promoted the alliance.
3. Henry saw a flattering portrait and decided she would do
4. He still needed a ‘spare’ heir as childhood death was common in those times.
189
How did the marriage to Anne of Cleves end?
When Henry met Anne of Cleves at the wedding he though her ugly and smelly.
Henry claimed he could nor perform his husbandly duties because she was so ugly.
The marriage was annulled.
Henry had already fallen for Catherine Howard.
190
Did Anne of Cleves agree to the annulment of her marriage with Henry?
Yes. She was scared and quickly submitted to the annulment. She was paid well for this by Henry and lived happily in England for the rest of her life.
191
List some interesting facts about Anne of Cleves
Protestant
Henry fell in love with a portrait of her, but the portrait lied.
Her marriage to Henry was a treaty which couldn’t be cancelled.
She fainted when she heard the news of her annulment as she thought it was an execution order.
She was made Henry’s adopted sister so as not to annoy the Germans.
192
What are the dates of Henry’s marriage to Catherine Howard?
1540-1542
193
Why did Henry marry Catherine Howard?
1. Henry wanted to end his marriage to Anne of Cleves.
2. She was young (17 years old) and very pretty.
3. Henry had come in contact with her as she was the maid to Anne of Cleves.
194
Who arranged the marriage of Catherine Howard to Henry?
Duke of Norfolk who was her uncle
195
How did the marriage to Catherine Howard end?
She committed adultery and was beheaded.
196
List some interesting facts about Catherine Howard
1. She was brought up Catholic by her grandmother although had a few relapses into Protestantism.
2. She was the cousin of Anne Bolelyn
3. Catherine and Anne of Cleaves often danced together
4. Henry refused to believe she had committed adultery until there was proof.
5. She was tiny
197
What were the dates of Henry’s marriage to Catherine Parr?
1543-1547
198
Why did Henry marry Catherine Parr?
1. Because he was unmarried and wanted a wife
2. He still wanted another male heir As there was a high infant mortality in those days and he needed a ‘spare’.
3. He was getting older and he wanted a wife to take care of him in his old age.
199
How did the marriage between Catherine Parr and Henry end?
Henry died riddled with disease and obesity.
200
List some interesting facts about Catherine Parr.
Protestant
Married twice before to men who were older than her and died
She remarried after Henry died and she died in childbirth
Her religious beliefs were different to Henry’s
201
What was the Kings great matter?
How he could get a divorce from Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn.
202
Who was Henry Fitzroy and how did his birth influence Henry’s thinking about his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?
Henry Fitzroy was Henry VIIIs illegitimate son with Bessie Blount, a lady at court who wasn’t his wife.
It influenced Henry’s thinking because he knew he could father a son and so he was able to blame Catherine of Aragon for his lack of male heir.
It therefore strengthened his desire to get rid of Catherine so he could have a young fertile wife.
203
What did Henry think was wrong with his marriage to Catherine? How did the bible contribute to him thinking this?
Catherine has previously been married to his dead brother Arthur. The bible said it was against God’s will to marry your brother’s wife and if you did then you would be punished by being childless.
Henry believed God was punishing him for this sin.
This was said in the book of LEVITICUS in the bible
204
Why was the book of Leviticus in the bible important to Henry?
It stated that it was against God’s will to marry your brother’s wife and if you did so, you would be punished by being childless. Henry used this to ask the Catholic Church to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon as he felt it was wrong in God’s eyes.
205
Divorce is forbidden in the Catholic Church and instead a marriage would have to be annulled. What is annulment?
When the Church declares that the man and woman had never been properly married in the first place.
206
If you wanted an annulment what did you have to prove?
You had to prove that something was wrong with the original marriage, e.g. that it had broken the laws of God.
207
Normally a good bribe to the Church ensured that a ruling of annulment was made. Why was this difficult in Henry’s case? Give 3 reasons.
1. Catherine’s stubbornness to the annulment.
2. Lack of support from the Church (including the theory of infallibility of the Pope).
3. The Pope was held captive by Charles V, who was the beloved nephew of Catherine of Aragon.
208
How did Catherine’s stubbornness make it difficult for Henry to annul his marriage to her?
1. Catherine did not want to be cast aside by Henry. She was important! She was Queen of England. She was the aunt of the present King of Spain.
2. She was far more important than Anne Boleyn who was her servant.
3. Catherine believed that God wanted her to stay married to Henry and it was the right thing to do.
4. She made a public plea for Henry not to annul her marriage and to treat her fairly. The public agreed with Catherine and Henry was embarrassed.
209
How did the lack of support from the church including the theory of infallibility of the Pope make it difficult for Henry to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled?
1. The church didn’t think the marriage should be annulled.
2. The Pope had given permission for Henry to marry his brother’s wife in the first place and it would not be good for him if he was seen to have made a mistake as the Pope was believed to be infallible (never wrong).
3. One of the most respected bishops- John Fisher- defended Queen Catherine and publicly stated that the marriage was valid.
210
How was the fact that the Pope was being held captive by Charles V, King of Spain, detrimental to Henry obtaining an annulment from Queen Catherine.
In 1529 the Pope was a prisoner of the King of Spain (Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor) who was Catherine’s nephew. The King of Spain, was very angry at the way his aunt was being treated by Henry and felt she was being humiliated. He pressurised the imprisoned Pope not to give an annulment.
211
What happened to Thomas Wolsey because he was unable to attain an annulment for Henry.
1. He was dismissed by Henry in shame
2. He was accused of helping other countries against the King ( praemunire).
2. He died of worry before his trial for treason where he would most definitely have been found guilty and likely hung, drawn and quartered.
212
What does praemunire mean in terms of Thomas Wolsey?
Wolsey was charged with the offence of resorting to the Pope’s law of a foreign land and thus calling into question Henry’s laws of England.
Henry thought Wolsey had not tried hard enough to get the Pope to change his mind and therefore must subconsciously believe the Pope was right in refusing his annulment.
213
What was William Tyndale’s anti-clerical argument that helped persuade Henry to reform the Church in England?
William Tyndale had written that the King was the true head of the English Church . He claimed that the power currently with the Pope and the Bishops should be held by the King.
This persuaded Henry to reform the Church because he could have thought that he was rightly the head of the English Church and allowed therefore to go ahead with his rules..... and annul his marriage and take land and taxes usually going to the Pope.
214
What is the definition of a Praemunire?
The offence under English Law of appealing or obeying a foreign court or authority, thus challenging the supremacy of the royal crown, a form of treason.
This is what Wolsey was charged with as Henry was upset with him for not getting a deal with the Pope over his great matter. He thought he had not tried hard enough.
215
The Protestants wanted to simply annul the marriage of Catherine of Aragon and Henry and ignore the Pope as part of the Reformation of Parliament. How did the Bishops and lawyers respond?
They advised that Henry’s parliament did not have the authority to empower an archbishop to disobey the Pope.
216
In order to get the Bishops to agree to his annullment he started to bully them. What did he do?
1. Charged them all with treason in 1530 and would only pardon them if they paid a special tax of £100,000.
2. They had to agree to submit to Henry’s authority as supreme ruler (submission of the clergy).
3. Taxes normally paid by the population to their church now went straight to Henry.
217
What began to happen in 1532? How did this cause the King to marry Anne in secret in February 1533?
Anne started to sleep with Henry and she was pregnant with his child. Henry did not want the child to be illegitimate as he desperately wanted a male heir to the thrown.
218
What role did Thomas Cramer, Archbishop of Canterbury, play in the King’s great matter?
1. Was responsible for building the RELIGIOUS justification for ending Henry’s marriage.
2. At a special Church Court he declared the marriage between Catherine and Henry unlawful in the eyes of God and was so annulled.
3. Catherine was informed that she had never been Henry’s wife and that their daughter Mary was a bastard.
4. Catherine was banished from court and Anne was crowned Queen in 1533.
219
What role did Thomas Cromwell play in the King’s great matter.
1. He was a brilliant lawyer who had been a very able deputy to Thomas Wolsey.
2. He was now promoted and made Henry’s chief minister.
3. He was responsible for building the LEGAL justification for Henry and England breaking away from the Catholic Church and forming their own Church, the Church of England.
4. Church taxes would now all pass to Henry instead of the Pope
5. Everyone would now have to accept his marriage to Anne.
220
When Henry reformed the English Parliament how did the Pope react?
The Pope ex- communicated Henry (kicked him out of the Catholic Church)
221
In 1534 the Act of Supremacy was passed. What was this?
Henry was made supreme head of the Church of England.
222
In 1534 two other acts were passed making it treason to speak ill of the King and made and children of Anne and Henry rightful heirs. What were these acts called?
Act of treason - don’t speak ill of the King
| Act of succession - Anne and Henry’s children are the rightful heirs.
223
When the new act of Supremacy, were passed, when were the rights and privilege of the Catholic Church observed?
Only when they didn’t detract from the royal rules.Henry was supreme in his leadership and the Church was second.
224
Comment on Henry the scholar as a young man.
Henry VIII enjoyed an excellent education and spoke French, Latin, English and Spanish.
He was also a talented musical, able to play a range of instruments, sing and even compose his own pieces.
There was huge excitement when he became king.
225
Comment on Henry the sportsman as a young man
The young king was a natural athlete and sportsman.
Foreign visitors to his court described him as a gifted archer and tennis player but it was hunting that really excited Henry. He could tire out as many as 8 horses a day before finally running out of steam.
Jousting and wrestling tournaments were also favourite pastimes and Henry was regarded as a strong and fearsome opponent.
226
Comment on Henry the spender as a young king.
Along with royal tournaments which were very expensive, Henry spent huge sums of money on pageants, feasts and other entertainments.
Unlike his father, Henry had a taste for luxury and made little attempt to control his spending. He paid vast sums for building work and decoration to improve his royal palaces.
Henry also liked the finest clothes and jewellery.
227
Henry VIII’s father left him a fortune although he had spent it all. By when?
By 1520 there was no money left in the treasury.
228
Comment on Henry the General as a young King.
He was not a very skilled general.
In 1513 he defeated the French army at the battle of the Spurs but his invasion of France ended in failure.
There were some success in his reign: when the Scots invaded England in 1513 while Henry was in France, his wife Catherine of Aragon raised an army and defeated them.
He formed a powerful Navy and had a fleet of 50 ships. He spent money on large cannons for the ships, which would allow him to sink the enemy. He also improved ports and dock lands and built fortresses along the coast.
229
Do you think Henry was an intelligent and wise ruler?
No
230
Henry was wealthy and ensured the country was prosperous. True or false.
False
231
Henry was able to win wars and keep the country safe, yes or no.
No
232
Henry was a powerful ruler
No
233
Henry was a pious (religious) ruler who would defend the faith.
No.
234
Henry wanted to be a King who was strong, intelligent, galant in battle, a scholar a sportsman and remembered for great things. Did he live up to this?
No
235
How was the Valor Ecclesiasticus ( survey of the monasteries) directed by Thomas Cromwell used to justify closing down the monasteries?
Thomas Cromwell sent royal officers and lawyers to inspect the monasteries across the country. He told them to find evidence that they were corrupt or immoral places with too much wealth. This persuaded parliament to close then down.
Most of the evidence was made up so that Cromwell who was a Protestant could close them down and generate money for Henry.
236
What is a monastery?
A type of religious house comprising domestic quarters and workplaces for nuns and monks.
Larger monasteries were called abbeys, medium sized ones were priories or nunneries and the smallest ones were friaries.
237
In what ways were monasteries useful institutions?
Good for the local community - jobs, place to pray, hospital, a few (rich) children also got schooling. They also served as a few guest house for travellers. The monks were happy and could pray to God.
238
What was the Act of Suppression in 1836?
Act of suppression dissolved small monasteries earning less than £200 per year. Henry took the land for rent and any precious metals.
350 monasteries were closed down
Monks had to find another monastery or rejoin society
239
What was the Act of suppression in 1539?
The monasteries that supported the pilgrimage of grace were immediately closed down. Henry made any remained large religious houses close down and give them their wealth.
240
What are the three reasons that Thomas Cromwell appointed the Vicar General of the Church of England to organise the dissolution of the monasteries?
1. money
2. power
3. to oppose Catholicism.
241
What did Henry need money from dissolving the monasteries and how was it generated?
Henry needed money in case of an invasion from Spain as revenge for how he had treated Catherine of Aragon, or France or Scotland.
Spain: invasion was likely due to the way Catherine had been treated.
This was an effective way to raise money as the monasteries owned 1/4 of all the land in England and this would now become Henry’s to rent out and generate taxes.
242
Why did Henry and Cromwell bother with the inspection of the monasteries and then the writing of the fake survey saying they corrupt and sinful?
They needed justification to close them down and take all the land and precious things.
They needed permission from parliament.
243
Where did the precedent come from to dissolve the monasteries?
Precedent= it had been done before
Cardinal Wolsey had already abolished 29 very small and inefficient monasteries in 1524-28 using the money he generated from them to set up a grammar school in Ipswich and a College in Oxford.
Wolsey had received permission from the Pope to do this the first time round and Henry approved.
244
Why did dissolving the monasteries oppose Catholicism?
Dissolving the monasteries strengthened the act of Supremacy which stated that Henry was Head of the Church of England and these monasteries where still celebrating the Pope as the Head of the Church as part of Roman Catholic worship.
245
What are the three stages with dates of the dissolution of the monasteries
1535: Henry VIII ordered for a survey to be made of the monasteries. He wanted something to be found corrupt about them so he could close them down.
1536: Henry VIII used the survey to convince parliament to dissolve the smaller monasteries.
1539: the larger monasteries are also dissolved.
246
Why did the rebels of the Pilgrimage of Grace style themselves as pilgrims? What was on their banner?
A pilgrim is someone who does something for a faith. They called themselves this because they thought they were doing something for their religion, Catholism. Also, the King couldn’t punish pilgrims in the same way they could punish rebels.
Their banner showed the 5 wounds of Christ.
247
How did Henry defeat the Pilgrimage of Grace?
He promised them what they wanted only if they went back home immediately. When a few months passed and nothing happened, they came back to the King and said, where is what you promised us?
Henry VIII then killed Robert Aske (their leader) as a traitor. He hung him up and let the birds pick him to death. Everyone else was scared and went home.
247
Who was Robert Aske and why was he important in the Pilgrimage of Grace?
He was a lawyer and the leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace and negotiated with the King for their demands. He was eventually executed by Henry for treason and hung to be pecked to death by birds.
248
What were the pilgrims demands in the a Pilgrimage of Grace?
They wanted an audience with parliament so they could hear what they wanted.
They wanted an end to the dissolution, an end to taxes in peacetime, a purge of heretics in government
249
Why did Henry invade France in 1544?
He wanted a chance of a glorious and victorious battle.
250
Why did Henry invade France in 1544 when he had Charles V, the HRE, as an ally?
Henry wanted to be glorious and victorious in battle so he invaded France.
He successfully captured Bologne.
However, England ally Charles V, the HRE, made peace with Francis I of France, so Henry hurried home as an invasion of England by French troops was imminent.
251
In 1545 France did invade England in retaliation for the invasion of Boulogne. How did the ships and soldiers compare against England’s forces?
```
France = 30,000 soldiers and 200 ships
England= 12,000 soldiers and 80 ships
```
252
The 1545 invasion of England by France was known as the battle of the Solent. Why?
The French had landed on the Isle of Wight and prepared to attack Portsmouth across a stretch of water known as the Solent.
253
Why was Portsmouth a strategic attacking point for the French in the battle of the Solent?
Portsmouth was the home of the Royal Navy and if the French attacked there, they could take command of the English Navy and ships.
254
Who led the English Forces in the battle of the Solent? ( one Admiral and one Vice-Admiral)
Admiral John Dudley on the Great Harry warship
Vice Admiral George Carew on the Mary Rose warship
255
In the battle of the Solent, what was the main difference between the French and English boats.
French had galleys which are slower to move but easier to manoeuvre
English had sail ships which were quick once they got going but slower to manoeuver
256
Why did the Mary Rose sink in the battle of the Solent?
During the fighting the Mary Rose suddenly leaned to starboard and started taking in water through the open gunports.
The crew could do nothing to correct the sudden imbalance and the ship sank rapidly. All the guns, ammunition, supplies and storage containers floated in the water.
257
What was Henry’s favourite ship?
The Mary Rose
258
How many of the 800 men on the Mary Rise survived? Why so few?
1. 35 men survived
2. The ship had sank so quickly it had taken the men by surprise
3. The anti boarding nets to prevent the enemy boarding made it difficult for the men to swim away
259
Henry was watching the battle from nearby Southsea Castle. How did he feel when the Mary Rose sank.
Humiliated
260
Why did the French make no further advances when the Mary Rise was sunk?
The weather and tide were against them and they sailed back to France.
261
What was the official reason for the sinking of the Mary Rose?
The ship was over loaded and the gun ported left open which were low in the boat so that when the ship turned the boat filled with water
262
What other suggestions were given for the sinking of the Mary Rose?
1. Studies of the skeletons suggested they were Spanish or Italian hired help who probably didn’t understand English and therefore the instructions to close the doors.
2. The Mary Rose had just been refitted and she was too heavy up top making her list when she turned sharply.
3. The French cannons were so accurate and powerful, they hit the Mary Rose below and made holes in her hull causing her to sink.
263
What is the actual reason the Mary Rose sank?
No one knows
264
Where was the Mary Rose wreck found?
On the seabed in Portsmouth harbour in 1971
266
Where is the Mary Rose now?
Restored an on display in Portsmouth historic docklands.
