Henry VIII - Religion Flashcards
(85 cards)
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Define Reformation
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A movement in Europe at the start of the 16th century that reformed that changed the Catholic church and its problems to establish a newly reformed Protestant Church
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Define ‘The Break With Rome’
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- removed the power of the Pope in England - the technical and legal change in the status of the English Church
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Define ‘Divorce’
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- A statement used to describe the end of Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon - Divorce is not allowed, even today, in the Catholic Church
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Define ‘Annulment’
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- the term used to describe the divorce - an annulment states that the marriage was not legal in the first place - only the Pope has the power to grant this
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What are 4 criticism of the Catholic Church before the Reformation?
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1 - Support fell for the Papacy 2 - Decline in respect for religious orders 3 - Criticism of images and pilgrimages 4 - Early problems of the Church (Pluralism, Absenteeism, Anti-clericalism and Lollards)
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What are 4 pieces of evidence that the Church was healthy before the reformation?
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1 - There was significant support for Parish Churches, shown in the donations from wills 2 - Sacraments were still largely popular and supported 3 - Religious Guilds were still strongly supported 4 - Intercession still gained mass support and there were continued foundation of Chantry in England
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How did Henry use the Bible to support his annulment?
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- He used the Old Testament, Leviticus Chapter 20 Verse 16 - Here it stated, “If a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an impurity; he hath uncovered his brother’s nakedness; they shall be childless (sonless).”
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How did Catherine of Aragon’s supporters use the Bible to challenge the Annulment?
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- Catherine used the book of Deuteronomy, which stated it was a man’s duty to marry his brother’s wife after his death and have children on his brother’s behalf - Catherine’s followers also argued that the Leviticus argument that Henry used was only applicable when a Brother was still alive
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What was William Tyndale’s book?
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‘Obedience of a Christian Man’
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What was Simon Fish’s book?
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‘Supplication of the Beggars’
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What was Christopher St Germaine’s book?
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‘Doctor and Student’
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What did William Tydale argue?
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He used evidence form the Old Testament to defend the power and authority of Kings in their own country; excluding ‘foreign’ powers such as the Pope
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What did Simon Fish argue?
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He argued against the ‘greedy and over-fed clerics’
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What did Chrisopher St Germain Argue?
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He emphasised the role of the State in controlling the Church, thus acknowledging Henry VIII’s right to govern the Church in England
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What was the Charge of Preamunire and what year did this happen?
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- 1530 - This was a law banning the support of the Pope in England - Henry charged 15 of the upper clergy with supporting Wolsey’s abuse of power against the King
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What was the Supplication of the Ordinaries and what year did this happen?
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- 1532 - It was a petition calling the King to deal with the abuses and corruption of the clergy - This led Cromwell to be invited to join Henry’s inner circle
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What was the Act for Submission of the Clergy and what year did this happen?
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- 1532 - This was a document giving him power to veto Church laws and to choose bishops (even if not approved by Rome)
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What was the Act of Annates and what year did this happen?
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- 1532 - Despite opposition, parliament passed and act preventing the payment of Annates to Rome, suspended for 1 year.
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What was the Act of Restraint of Appeals and what year did this happen?
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- 1533 - This was passed by parliament denying Henry’s subject’s the right to appeal to the Pope against the decision in English Church Courts - This effectively prevented Catherine of Aragon from seeking Pope arbitration when the divorce case came before the courts
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What was the Act of Supremacy and when did this happen?
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- 1534 - This acknowledged the King as the head of the Church and any denial of royal supremacy was counted as treason punishable by death - This was the final removal of Papal power in England
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What was the Treason Act and when did this happen?
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- 1534 - This was used to enforce the Act of Supremacy - denial of royal supremacy was punishable by death - Denial could be through deed, act or spoken word
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What was the First Act of Succession and what year did this happen?
- 1534 - Declared the marriage to Catherine invalid and therefore made Mary illegitimate - Succession to the throne was now going to be the children of Henry VII and Anne Boleyn - The whole nation was to swear an oath to observe the Act of Succession, to deny succession was treasonable - This act led to the downfall of Thomas More
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What was the Act for First Fruits and Tenths and when did this happen?
- 1534 - Clerical taxes were to go to the King and not the Pope
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What were 5 reasons that Henry decided upon the dissolution of the monasteries?
1 - It reduced the opponents to the break from Rome (especially Franciscans and Carthusians) 2 - Henry didn't like monasteries being dedicated to outside of England (the 'imperial idea') 3 - Financial motives - the church had huge financial resources and there was a concern for a Catholic crusade 4 - Patronage and greed - the dissolution brought great wealth to Henry 5 - Continental influence - the same was being done in Germany
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How did the Act of First Fruits and Tenths help dissolve the monasteries?
- Allowed Henry to tax the Church - These taxes were previously paid to the Church and Pope when someone was appointed (first fruit) and then a tenth of their income after that yearly
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How did the Act of Supremacy help Henry get rid of the monasteries?
It gave Henry the power to supervise and reform all religious establishments in England
30
What did Cromwell do in 1535 to close monasteries?
- Sent out commissioners to survey the value of monastic lands and properties to produce a report, the 'Valour Eccesiaticus' (value of the church) - He also sent out a second set of commissioners to investigate the moral and spiritual standards in monasteries
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What was the Act for the Dissolution of Smaller Monasteries and when did this happen?
- 1536 - It was based on Cromwell's findings and closed all religious houses with lands valued under £200 a year - New commissioners were sent out to supervise this, but this triggered the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire rebellion
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What happened in 1536-37 to aid the closure of the monasteries?
The opposition of the Carthusian Monks to the dissolution of their establishments led to their execution by Henry
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What was the Act of Dissolution of Larger Monasteries and what year did this happen?
- 1539 - This act extended the closure to all religious houses except chantries (which were small private chapels in which prayers were said for the souls of dead)
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What was established in 1540 and what did this aim to do?
- the Court of Augmentations - Richard Rich was the Chancellor - aimed to handle the property and income from the dissolved monasteries
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What was the impact of closing monasteries on Monastic buildings
- Henry was charged with cultural vandalism for destroying Gothic buildings and books - Henry invested some of the money into education, creating new cathedral schools in Canterbury, Carlisle, Bristol and Chester - Christ Church Oxford and Trinity College Cambridge were established
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What was the impact of closing monasteries on Monks and Friars?
- The majority found alternative jobs in the church - 6500/8000 moved on with their pension
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What was the impact of closing monasteries on Nuns?
2000 nuns were not allowed to marry or become priests
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What was the impact of closing monasteries on the poor?
- There was a detrimental effect upon an already worsening problem - however Dickens argues in 'The English Reformation','the theory that the suppression of the monasteries had a major cause of urban decay has nothing to commend it'
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What was the impact of closing monasteries on Henry's profit?
- Henry was charged with squandering wealth - May 1543, there was a rush to sell land with all the profit going on wars with Scotland and France - Just over 1/2 of monastic lands remained in his possession until 1547, showing he wasn't completely reckless - 1547 - the Crown made £800,000 from sales and saved harsh taxation
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How much had Crown income grown by by 1540?
By 1540, Crown income had doubled from 120,000 to £250,000 Per Annum
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What did the reselling of Monastic land value at?
£1.3 million
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What position was Thomas Cromwell given in 1531?
1531 - a place King's Royal Council
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What position was Thomas Cromwell given in 1532?
1532 - Master of the King's Jewels, giving him access to the King's private rooms in the palace
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What position was Thomas Cromwell given in 1533?
1533 - Chancellor of the Exchequer and Master of the Rolls, leading roles in the legal system
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What position was Thomas Cromwell given in 1535?
1535 - Vicar General (created for Cromwell), gave him the power to institute Church reform
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What position was Thomas Cromwell given in 1536?
1536 - Lord Privy Seal and Principle Secretary of the Royal Council, also became a Baron
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What position was Thomas Cromwell given in 1540?
1540 - Lord Great Chamberlain and Earl of Essex
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What did Thomas Cromwell do to aid the annulment?
- He took over from Wolsey in management of the divorce - Between 1532 and 1536, he devised a strategy for the divorce and drafted a series of Acts that destroyed the power of Rome - He created the Church of England and gave Henry unprecedented power and status as a monarch
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Who did Thomas Cranmer replace within the Church?
- Archbishop Warham in 1532 - Henry asked for his replacement to be Cranmer despite him not having a role within the Church
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What was Archbishop Cranmer's role and why did Henry appoint him?
- Archbishop of Canterbury - Henry chose him to put pressure on the Pope to allow his divorce and also saw advantages of having a supporter as a key English Churchman
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What did Cranmer do to help the reformation?
- authorised the much desired royal divorce after the 1533 Act of Restraint and Appeals prohibited Catherine from appealing to the Pope
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Name 4 key people/groups that opposed Henry VIII's changes
- John Fisher - Carthusian Monks - Elizabeth Baron - Thomas More
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Why and how did John Fisher oppose Henry?
- He believed the powers of the Pope were God-given - He also believed that denial of Pope supremacy was sinful - He opposed by being a close friend with HRE Charles V's active ambassador in England and urging for a direct armed intervention from Charles V - His threat level is shown by his immediate execution
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Why and how did Carthusian Monks oppose Henry?
- They followed strict Catholic religious orders - 1532- 33 they refused to accept the divorce - 1534 - resisted government pressure to agree a declaration against the power of the Pope - they had large numbers but many were placed in prisons with poor conditions
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Why and how did Elizabeth Baron oppose Henry?
- She had visions of the Virgin Mary against Anne Boleyn - She rallied against the King in person when he visited Canterbury - She was executed with 5 of her followers, with this execution being considered a 'political necessity'
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Why and how did Thomas More oppose Henry?
- More was a devout Catholic, even when appointed Lord Chancellor - He resigned his post after the Submission of the Clergy - Also refused to take the Oath of Succession (recognising Mary as illegitimate) and was therefore executed
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What 3 different forms of opposition were there?
- Open challenge - Remaining loyal to Catholicism (continuing practices) - Only acting upon government changes when forced to do so
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Why were the key reasons that there was a lack of opposition to the Reformation in England?
- The unclear end result - Fear of government actions - Many ordinary people did not notice the changes
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How was the Law of Treason (1534) used to suppress opposition to the Reformation?
This Act (1534) made it treasonable to: - attempt the death of the King, Queen or heir by malicious act - to call the King (words or writing) 'heretic', 'tyrant', 'infidel' or 'usurper'. - to seize royal castles, ships, ordnance or munitions People would be killed violently to create fear
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How was Royal Correspondence used to suppress opposition to the Reformation?
- Cromwell used JPs to send letters to him of those in their district that were still supporting the Pope - on 3rd April 1535, he wrote to bishops ordering the clergy to preach royal supremacy - he followed this up with a command to sheriffs to ensure that Bishops carried out this duty
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How was propaganda used to suppress opposition to the Reformation?
- Using the printing press, large scale propaganda was produced - this was easy to read and understand for common people - it expressed new laws and reasoning behind changes - It was distributed throughout the country
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How were Oaths used to suppress opposition to the Reformation?
- They were used to test an individuals religious and political commitment - Government made an enormous effort to get all important men to swear the first Act of Succession oath
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What was the Lincolnshire Rising?
- Sunday 1st October - After rumours that Henry's men were on their way to demolish churches and steal the town's silver the town's vicar, Thomas Kendall, led people to barricade themselves for the Church's protection - Nicholas Melton led the movement and it manages to capture Lincoln Cathedral and involve the Gentry - They requested several things, but Henry sent the Duke of Suffolk to deal with the rising - As soon as it is clear that the rebellion can go no further, the gentry refused to lead any further and the rebellion collapsed
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Summarise the causes Pilgrimage of Grace
- 16th October 1536 - The rising was inspired by the recent events in Lincolnshire - The rebels called themselves 'pilgrims' and created the rising to protect Almighty God, his fiath and the Holy Church from reformation
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Summarise the events of the Pilgrimage of Grace
- A lawyer named Robert Aske led several thousand men into York taking the city unopposed - They wore badges and carried banners depicting the five wounds suffered by Christ at his crucifixion - Members of the gentry were recruited to the rising, some joining out of shared conviction that Henry's reforms were going to far - The pilgrims captured Pontefract castle and its defender Lord Darcy to their side
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What were the consequences/actions of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
- Aske and his followers stood down and drew up some requests, asking mainly for the reestablishment of the monasteries, Mary to be legitimate and a parliament to be held at York or Nottingham - The Duke of Norfolk promised to take these to the King but got nothing but empty promises - In January 1567, a new rebellion led by Sir Francis Biggert started which gave Henry and excuse to punish the North for the PoG - The Duke of Norfolk was sent to pacify the region and 178 people were executed - Aske was charged with raising the rebellion and was hanged in York on the 12th July 1537
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What evidence was there that the Pilgrimage of Grace was a threat?
- The scale of the rebellion - 40,000 men - Cromwell was less powerful after this, falling in 1540 - The rebellion spread over 6 states in the North - It involved the Gentry and other people in power such as the Duke of Norfolk - Henry did implement some more conservative measures in the Bishops Book after the rebellion
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What evidence is there that the rebellion was not a threat?
- The dissolution of the monasteries continued to happen, and worsened in 1539 - Henry did not have to use much force, first only giving a pardon - Cromwell survived the attack and continued in power for 3 more years - Henry's promises never happened and the reformation continued
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What are 3 signs that England was still Catholic upon the death of Henry?
- Six Articles Act of 1539 - The fall of Cromwell in 1540, and his replacement the Pro-Catholic Conservative faction - The main doctrines in the English Church remained Catholic
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What were the signs that England was Protestant upon Henry's death?
- Cranmer remained Archbishop of Canterbury and survived attempts by the conservative faction to discredit him - Catherine Parr, Henry's last wife was also interested in reformist ideas - The country remained entirely separated from the Pope's control, with English bibles being available and the worshipping of Saints being reduced significantly
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What was the 6 Articles Act and what year did this happen?
- 1539 - This brought a temporary end to the gradual process of introducing Protestant beliefs - It enforced Catholic beliefs upon: - Eucharist (bread and wine become Jesus) - Communion (bread was only for the laity) - Seven Sacraments essential for salvation - The need for Priests to remain celibate
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Which doctrines remained Catholic at Henry's death?
- still a belief in Transubstantiation and Eucharist - all 7 Catholic sacraments remained in force - confession remained an essential part of devotion - Clergy could not marry
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Which doctrines of the Church of England had elements of Protestantism?
- Cranmer introduced English elements into services - The Great Bible of 1539 was introduced to replace the Latin version as an authorised English translation - There was much less emphasis on Saints and the laity were forbidden to go on pilgrimages to worship saints - Saints days reduced to 25
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Why was it difficult to define the religion in England upon Henry's death in 1547?
1 - Ordinary people left no record of what they believed as many were illiterate. Even if they did, at this time there was no clear 'Catholic' or 'Protestant' side, just conflicting ideas 2 - Many people who accepted Henry as the head of the Church were not enthusiastic for Protestantism, so we cannot accurately see how strong the belief was at his death 3 - Many people who had adhered to the change welcomed the reversion back to Catholicism in Mary's reign 4 - There had been many Catholic squabbles previously in history so people of this time didn't know the extent of change or what the final result would be
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When was William Tyndale's Bible burnt?
- 1530 - This was seen as an attack against heresy
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When were the Clergy accused of Praemunire?
- December 1530 - This attacked the power of the Catholic church through ecclesiastical courts in England.
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Why is the Convocation of Canterbury significant in terms of religious event?
- He was one of the first to recognise Henry as Head of the Church 'so far as the law of Christ allows' - This marked how far the Church was willing to go in allowing Henry more power.
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Were annulments hard to obtain by the Pope?
- No - Louis XII of France had secured one - This tells us that Henry was not alone in his ideas
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Guy on the problems of Henry's annulment?
- 'much of Henry VIII's trouble sprang from his egoism'
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How much money did Henry gain from the dissolution of the monasteries?
- £1.3million from 1536-47
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How much of monastic lands were in the Crown's hands by 1547?
- only around 1/3 of monastic property wsa left in crown lands by 1547
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What was the affect of the dissoluion of the monasteries on the clergy?
- 7000 were dispossessed - abbots disappeared from the house of Lords
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What title was Henry's illegitimate son given in 1525? What does this show?
- Duke of Richmond - This highlights that Henry was worried about his lack of a male heir, potentially setting up his son to become king
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How many rebels were in the Pilgrimage of Grace?
- 40,000
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Who were the Lollards?
- these were followers of John Wycliffe - They condemned transubstantiation - wrote the first English bible
