HEPA 1 Flashcards
(23 cards)
The liver converts excess glucose into glycogen for storage, helping regulate blood sugar levels after meals
Glycogenesis
When blood glucose levels drop, the liver breaks down stored glycogen into glucose and releases it into the bloodstream.
Glycogenolysis
The liver can create glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and lactate, ensuring a steady supply of glucose during fasting or prolonged exercise.
Gluconeogenesis
a toxic byproduct of protein breakdown, is converted into less toxic urea in the liver
Ammonia
What is the fate of urea produced in the liver?
Urea is then transported to the kidneys and excreted in urine.
What can liver dysfunction lead to regarding ammonia?
buildup of ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia), which can be life-threatening
What is Protein Synthesis in the liver?
The liver synthesizes essential proteins like albumin, clotting factors, and enzymes.
What is Amino Acid Metabolism in the liver?
The liver breaks down amino acids from dietary protein, converting them into energy or using them for gluconeogenesis and other metabolic processes.
The liver converts excess carbohydrates and proteins into triglycerides (fats) for storage.
Lipogenesis
During fasting or energy demand, the liver breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids for energy production.
Lipolysis
What is the role of the liver in Cholesterol Synthesis and Regulation?
The liver produces cholesterol, essential for cell membranes and hormone production, and removes excess cholesterol from the blood.
What vitamins does the liver store?
The liver stores fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, releasing them as needed.
What is the significance of Vitamin B12 storage in the liver?
The liver stores a significant amount of vitamin B12, essential for red blood cell production and nerve function.
How does the liver store iron?
The liver stores iron in the form of ferritin, releasing it to maintain adequate levels for red blood cell synthesis.
a greenish-yellow fluid that aids in fat digestion and absorption
bile
Where is bile stored?
Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine when needed.
a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of heme, is processed by the liver
Bilirubin
How does the liver handle bilirubin?
The liver conjugates bilirubin, allowing it to be excreted in bile.
What can elevated bilirubin levels lead to?
jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
What is the liver’s role in drug metabolism?
detoxifying and eliminating drugs and other foreign substances from the body.
How do liver enzymes affect drugs?
Liver enzymes modify drugs, often making them less active and easier to excrete.
What can affect drug metabolism in individuals?
This metabolic process can vary significantly between individuals, affecting drug efficacy and potential side effects.
What is the overall significance of the liver?
The liver is a metabolic powerhouse, essential for processing nutrients, regulating energy stores, detoxifying harmful substances, and supporting various bodily functions.
